End of semester Exam Flashcards
- William James argued that ______memory is immediate memory for
information momentarily held in consciousness, whereas ______ memory is
the vast store of information.
primary; secondary
Connecting new information to material which is already known is called:
elaborative rehearsal
Declarative memory can involve either _______ or _______ memory.
semantic, episodic
All of the following, except one, describe ways in which memory is different
in the laboratory to everyday life. Which of the following is incorrect?
Laboratory memory tasks are actually more similar to how memory is
really used
Aristotle proposed the law of _____, which proposes that two events will
be associated if they are experienced close together in time.
co-existence
Under which of these conditions will conditioned taste aversions occur? The interstimulus interval is: A) 15 seconds. B) 15 minutes. C) 3 hours. D) all of the options listed.
D) all of the options listed.
The book and movie ‘A Clockwork Orange’ portrays an experimental
treatment of a chronically violent individual. He is strapped to a chair, given
medication that induces vomiting, and forced to watch violent film footage
while listening to Beethoven. As a result, he becomes ill whenever he is faced
with physical violence or hears Beethoven. Beethoven is the CS while his
illness in response to the medication is the:
UCR.
Cognitive-social theory argues that _____ affects whether a particular
behaviour is going to occur
expectancies
Cognitive-social theory incorporates:
behaviour concepts of conditioning with cognition and social learning.
Poker machines are popular because all you have to do to play is push a
button. Every so often, after an unpredictable number of pushes, somebody
will ‘hit the jackpot’. What schedule of reinforcement is probably in effect
here?
Fixed interval
Nigel often worries about running out of oil in his old car. He therefore
checks his oil level regularly. His checking behaviour is a result of:
negative reinforcement
As a student you notice that you put off studying for exams until the night
before the exam, when you study intensively. This is an example of what kind
of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-interval
The range of light that can be seen by a normally sighted human is
roughly
400 to 700 nm
Absolute threshold is the
minimum amount of physical energy needed for a person to notice a
stimulus
Which of the following is in the correct order from the transmission of
visual information?
Rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve
Johannes Müller proposed that whether a neural message is experienced
as light, sound, or some other sensation results less from differences in
stimuli than from the particular neurons excited by them. This hypothesis is
known as:
the doctrine of specific nerve energies.
. According to your textbook, why was it necessary for Stevens’ law to
modify Fechner’s law?
Fechner’s law did not apply to all stimuli and senses.
To best understand my experience of stimulus intensity in relation to the
actual magnitude of the stimulus, requires the use of:
Fechner’s law
My niece is playing with finger paints. I notice that she creates new
colours by sticking her fingers, which have paint on them, in other colours. I
am witnessing:
subtractive colour mixture
. The Ponzo illusion (i.e., two lines of equal length, one above the other,
that do not appear to be of equal length) depends on:
experience with linear perspective.
Schemas:
increase the speed and efficiency of perception.
Perceptual interpretation allows an observer to:
generate meaning from sensory experience.
The evidence that kittens raised to only see vertical stripes could not
recognise horizontal stripes indicates:
the brain will develop differently in different environments.
Perceptual expectations based on experience influence:
top-down processing.
When you see a partially opened door, you know that the door is
rectangular even though the image being detected by your retina is a
trapezoid. This is an example of the perceptual principle called:
shape constancy.
I catch up with a friend I haven’t seen since we were kids and can still
recognise her despite her different cut and colour, different style clothing, and
piercings. I am displaying:
perceptual constancy.
._______ are rapid and operate simultaneously, whereas _______ have
limited capacity and are slower.
unconscious processes; conscious processes
Of the functions of attention and consciousness, which one leads to a
paradox involving consciousness being regulated by things outside of
consciousness?
Controlling the contents of consciousness
The deepest stage of sleep in which slee-walking occurs is:
delta sleep.
The psychodynamic view of dreams assumes dreams:
have meanings which require expert interpretation.
Regenerated interest in the subject of consciousness is thought to be the
result of
developments in neuroscience and neuroimaging.
As defined by Freud, _______ mental processes are not presently
conscious, but could be readily brought to consciousness if the need arose.
preconscious
While studying for an important exam, Andrea begins by eliminating all
possible distractions such as the radio, the newspaper and magazines from
her room. Having studied psychology, she realises she is doing this because:
the process of consciously paying attention begins with the selection of the
focus of awareness.
Jarred has no conscious visual awareness. When shown an object, he
denies seeing it, yet he can indicate its location in space or describe its
geometric form far better than one would expect simply by chance. Jarred is
probably suffering from:
blindsight
A prototype is:
an abstraction across many instances of a category.
As can easily be imagined, solving a problem requires a number of steps
or processes. Which one of the following is NOT a step in problem solving?
Using algorithms
According to one information-processing model, when people make
decisions, they consider two things:
the utility of the outcomes of different outcomes and the probability of
each outcome.
A triangle has clear properties that set it aside from other shapes. A shape
either is a triangle or is not. Thus, a triangle represents a:
well defined concept.
Language is:
important as a medium for thought.
The rules that govern the meaning rather than the order of morphemes,
words, phrases, and sentences in understanding what people say is known
as:
semantics.
The observation that we can create sentences that are grammatically
correct yet completely original would, according to Chomsky, reflect the:
generativity of grammar.
The word ‘target’ has _____ phoneme(s) and _____ morpheme(s).
six; one
Which of the following sentences breaks the rules for English syntax?
A) Colourless green ideas sleep furiously;
B) Rainy causes accidents fatal street
C) Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
D) All of the options listed
Rainy causes accidents fatal street
When someone talks about “reading between the lines”, they are referring
to:
pragmatics.
In several different ways, I am capable of telling my students that there
will be an exam in one week. In like fashion, there are a large number of
ways that I can write an exam question about a piece of lecture material or
information. This important aspect of language is referred to as:
generativity
