End of semester Exam

Question 1

1. William James argued that ______memory is immediate memory for
   information momentarily held in consciousness, whereas ______ memory is
   the vast store of information.

Answer 1

primary; secondary

Question 2

Connecting new information to material which is already known is called:

Answer 2

elaborative rehearsal

Question 3

Declarative memory can involve either _______ or _______ memory.

Answer 3

semantic, episodic

Question 4

All of the following, except one, describe ways in which memory is different
in the laboratory to everyday life. Which of the following is incorrect?

Answer 4

Laboratory memory tasks are actually more similar to how memory is
really used

Question 5

Aristotle proposed the law of _____, which proposes that two events will
be associated if they are experienced close together in time.

Answer 5

co-existence

Question 6

Under which of these conditions will conditioned taste aversions occur?
The interstimulus interval is:
A) 15 seconds.
B) 15 minutes.
C) 3 hours.
D) all of the options listed.

Answer 6

D) all of the options listed.

Question 7

The book and movie ‘A Clockwork Orange’ portrays an experimental
treatment of a chronically violent individual. He is strapped to a chair, given
medication that induces vomiting, and forced to watch violent film footage
while listening to Beethoven. As a result, he becomes ill whenever he is faced
with physical violence or hears Beethoven. Beethoven is the CS while his
illness in response to the medication is the:

Answer 7

UCR.

Question 8

Cognitive-social theory argues that _____ affects whether a particular
behaviour is going to occur

Answer 8

expectancies

Question 9

Cognitive-social theory incorporates:

Answer 9

behaviour concepts of conditioning with cognition and social learning.

Question 10

Poker machines are popular because all you have to do to play is push a
button. Every so often, after an unpredictable number of pushes, somebody
will ‘hit the jackpot’. What schedule of reinforcement is probably in effect
here?

Answer 10

Fixed interval

Question 11

Nigel often worries about running out of oil in his old car. He therefore
checks his oil level regularly. His checking behaviour is a result of:

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

As a student you notice that you put off studying for exams until the night
before the exam, when you study intensively. This is an example of what kind
of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 12

Fixed-interval

Question 13

The range of light that can be seen by a normally sighted human is
roughly

Answer 13

400 to 700 nm

Question 14

Absolute threshold is the

Answer 14

minimum amount of physical energy needed for a person to notice a
stimulus

Question 15

Which of the following is in the correct order from the transmission of
visual information?

Answer 15

Rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve

Question 16

Johannes Müller proposed that whether a neural message is experienced
as light, sound, or some other sensation results less from differences in
stimuli than from the particular neurons excited by them. This hypothesis is
known as:

Answer 16

the doctrine of specific nerve energies.

Question 17

. According to your textbook, why was it necessary for Stevens’ law to
modify Fechner’s law?

Answer 17

Fechner’s law did not apply to all stimuli and senses.

Question 18

To best understand my experience of stimulus intensity in relation to the
actual magnitude of the stimulus, requires the use of:

Answer 18

Fechner’s law

Question 19

My niece is playing with finger paints. I notice that she creates new
colours by sticking her fingers, which have paint on them, in other colours. I
am witnessing:

Answer 19

subtractive colour mixture

Question 20

. The Ponzo illusion (i.e., two lines of equal length, one above the other,
that do not appear to be of equal length) depends on:

Answer 20

experience with linear perspective.

Question 21

Schemas:

Answer 21

increase the speed and efficiency of perception.

Question 22

Perceptual interpretation allows an observer to:

Answer 22

generate meaning from sensory experience.

Question 23

The evidence that kittens raised to only see vertical stripes could not
recognise horizontal stripes indicates:

Answer 23

the brain will develop differently in different environments.

Question 24

Perceptual expectations based on experience influence:

Answer 24

top-down processing.

Question 25

When you see a partially opened door, you know that the door is
rectangular even though the image being detected by your retina is a
trapezoid. This is an example of the perceptual principle called:

Answer 25

shape constancy.

Question 26

I catch up with a friend I haven’t seen since we were kids and can still
recognise her despite her different cut and colour, different style clothing, and
piercings. I am displaying:

Answer 26

perceptual constancy.

Question 27

._______ are rapid and operate simultaneously, whereas _______ have
limited capacity and are slower.

Answer 27

unconscious processes; conscious processes

Question 28

Of the functions of attention and consciousness, which one leads to a
paradox involving consciousness being regulated by things outside of
consciousness?

Answer 28

Controlling the contents of consciousness

Question 29

The deepest stage of sleep in which slee-walking occurs is:

Answer 29

delta sleep.

Question 30

The psychodynamic view of dreams assumes dreams:

Answer 30

have meanings which require expert interpretation.

Question 31

Regenerated interest in the subject of consciousness is thought to be the
result of

Answer 31

developments in neuroscience and neuroimaging.

Question 32

As defined by Freud, _______ mental processes are not presently
conscious, but could be readily brought to consciousness if the need arose.

Answer 32

preconscious

Question 33

While studying for an important exam, Andrea begins by eliminating all
possible distractions such as the radio, the newspaper and magazines from
her room. Having studied psychology, she realises she is doing this because:

Answer 33

the process of consciously paying attention begins with the selection of the
focus of awareness.

Question 34

Jarred has no conscious visual awareness. When shown an object, he
denies seeing it, yet he can indicate its location in space or describe its
geometric form far better than one would expect simply by chance. Jarred is
probably suffering from:

Answer 34

blindsight

Question 35

A prototype is:

Answer 35

an abstraction across many instances of a category.

Question 36

As can easily be imagined, solving a problem requires a number of steps
or processes. Which one of the following is NOT a step in problem solving?

Answer 36

Using algorithms

Question 37

According to one information-processing model, when people make
decisions, they consider two things:

Answer 37

the utility of the outcomes of different outcomes and the probability of
each outcome.

Question 38

A triangle has clear properties that set it aside from other shapes. A shape
either is a triangle or is not. Thus, a triangle represents a:

Answer 38

well defined concept.

Question 39

Language is:

Answer 39

important as a medium for thought.

Question 40

The rules that govern the meaning rather than the order of morphemes,
words, phrases, and sentences in understanding what people say is known
as:

Answer 40

semantics.

Question 41

The observation that we can create sentences that are grammatically
correct yet completely original would, according to Chomsky, reflect the:

Answer 41

generativity of grammar.

Question 42

The word ‘target’ has _____ phoneme(s) and _____ morpheme(s).

Answer 42

six; one

Question 43

Which of the following sentences breaks the rules for English syntax?
A) Colourless green ideas sleep furiously;
B) Rainy causes accidents fatal street
C) Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
D) All of the options listed

Answer 43

Rainy causes accidents fatal street

Question 44

When someone talks about “reading between the lines”, they are referring
to:

Answer 44

pragmatics.

Question 45

In several different ways, I am capable of telling my students that there
will be an exam in one week. In like fashion, there are a large number of
ways that I can write an exam question about a piece of lecture material or
information. This important aspect of language is referred to as:

Answer 45

generativity