First discussion Flashcards
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
Gestalt Psychology
we perceive objects which are close to one another as a group and are considered as one of many huge influences in counseling psychology
Proximity
Involves the concept of perception, as it refers to the truth of a person, but it does not mean it is the absolute truth
Selective Attention
asserted that humans display and repeat behaviors of evolutionary ancestors during development.
Recapitulation Theory
- Proponent of Recapitulation Theory
- one of wundt’s students and formed a psychological laboratory in John Hopkins University
Granville Stanley Hall
- People working less hard in groups
- individuals exert less effort to meet a goal when working in a group than they do when working individually.
Social Loafing
Possible reason for social loafing
Diffusion of Responsibility
individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people.
Bystander Effect
The goal of Experimental Psychology is to _____
identify what and why people act the way they do
Explanation behind Serial Killer’s Mind
- Socio-cognitive
- Bio-psychological
Principles of Belief and Validity
- Authority
- Tenacity
- A priori method
relies on credentials and credibility of sources to establish belief
authority
- act of maintaining a strong belief despite the challenges
- a person steadfastly refuses to alter acquired knowledge, regardless of evidence to the contrary
tenacity
relies on pre-existing bias or intuition without rigorous study
a priori method
- fixes belief on the basis of experience
- a systematic study that usually emerged from a problem brought upon by curiosity
scientific method
based on the assumption that events have causes and that we can discover those causes through controlled observations
science
scientific method is concerned with:
- empirical data
- results
- measurement
- precision
involves observing and recording non-verbal cues, providing tangible evidence crucial for understanding human behavior
empirical data
represent the outcomes of an experiment, derived from the analysis of empirical data, determining the support or rejection of a hypothesis
results
involves precise quantification of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions using instruments and methods to ensure accurate data collection
measurement
refers to the degree of accuracy and consistency in measurements, enhancing reliability and minimizing variability in research
precision
cornerstone of the scientific method because they make science a self-correcting endeavor
empirical, public observations
- organized set of assumptions that explain a certain phenomenon
- set of related statements that explains a variety of occurrences
theory
4 important aspects of a theory
- parsimony
- precision
- testability
- ability to fit data
simplicity is the best ideal descriptor for a theory
parsimony
can be measured, quantified, and has exact measurements
precision
must be tested and falsifiable to be considered as a theory
testability
must have the capability to utilize and explain a given data
ability to fit data
used to elicit a certain response to certain exposed stimulus
experiments
purpose of an experiment
to test a hypothesis
an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
methods of research
- meta-analysis
- observational
- experimental
- case studies
- survey
- interview
- correlational
- quasi-experiment
- longitudinal
- cross-sectional
- naturalistic
combination of multiple results and studies addressing a similar research hypothesis
meta-analysis
observing behavior in its natural setting without manipulating behaviors
observational / naturalistic observation
manipulating one variable (independent) to see its effect on another variable (dependent) while controlling for extraneous variables
experimental
in-depth study of a single individual or small group to gain detailed insights into a particular phenomenon
case studies
collecting quantitative data through questionnaires or interviews to measure attitudes, opinions, or behaviors in a large population
survey
conducting one-on-one conversations with participants to gather in-depth information about their experiences, thoughts and feelings
interview
similar to a true experiment but lacking random assignment of participants to groups, making it difficult to establish causality
quasi-experimental
studying the same participants over a period of time to assess changes in variables over time
longitudinal
comparing different groups of participants at the same point in time to investigate differences in variables
cross-sectional
