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USMLE Reviewers > First Aid USMLE 1 - Rapid Review Key Associations > Flashcards

First Aid USMLE 1 - Rapid Review Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer ( intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A 
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in
sloughing of gastric mucosa)
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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal

colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A 
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing
ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A 
Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/
Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vonWillebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including

glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal

women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and

valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy) Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus | arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
``` Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide) ```
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug | abuse)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hematoma—epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform | shaped)
54
Hematoma—subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
55
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” and  risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
56
Hepatocellular carcinoma
``` Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism) ```
57
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
``` Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) ```
59
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
60
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, 2°
Renal disease
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase )
68
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
69
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease  organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) Uric acid = radiolucent
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
``` Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia) ```
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
73
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
74
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
75
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
76
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
77
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
78
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure
``` Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) ```
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
93
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
94
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
95
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
96
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
97
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60 AML: adult ∼ 65 CML: adult 30–60
99
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
100
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
101
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
102
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
103
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
104
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
105
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
106
1° liver cancer
``` Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency) ```
107
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
108
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels | in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
109
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
110
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
111
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
112
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive | cardiomyopathy)
113
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
114
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
115
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
116
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
117
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery | > carotid artery
118
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
119
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or | pancreas)
120
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
121
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
122
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
123
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
124
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
125
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
126
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
127
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
128
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
129
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
130
Type of Hodgkin
``` Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion) ```
131
Type of non-Hodgkin
Diffuse large cell
132
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
133
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
134
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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