First Aid Flashcards by Melissa Khalil

Pulsus paradoxus in 5 diseases

Cardiac tamponade
Asthma
Croup
Pericarditis
Obstructive sleep apnea

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Thiazide diuretics elevate 4 things and lower 3 things

Hypercalcemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperuremia

Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypotension

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Elevated pulse pressure in 5 conditions

Hyperthyroidism
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic stiffening
Obstructive sleep apnea
Exercise

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Diminished pulse pressure in 4 conditions

Aortic stenosis
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiac tamponade
Advanced heart failure

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3 causes of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Myxomatous degeneration
Rheumatic fever
Chordae rupture

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2 causes of patent ductus arteriosus

Congenital rubella

Prematurity

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4 causes of Torsades de pointes (predisposed by prolonged QT)

Drugs (ABCDE)
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Congenital abnormalities

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4 treatment options for atrial fibrillation

Anticoagulation
Rate control
Rhythm control
Cardioversion

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Treatment of atrial flutter

4 ttt like Afib

Definitive ttt is catheter ablation

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Difference between patent foramen ovale and ASD

PFO: unfused septa tissue
ASD: missing septa tissue

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Difference in cyanosis between the L-R shunts

VSD and ASD: upper and lower extremities

PDA: lower extremities

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Treatment of hypertensive emergency

Fenoldopam IV (short acting peripheral dopa 1 recept agonist)

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4 risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm

Tobacco
Age
Male sex
Family history

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3 risk factors of thoracic aortic aneurysm

Hypertension
Bicuspid aortic valve
Connective tissue disease (Marfan syndrome)

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Treatment of Unstable angina/NSTEMI

Anticoagulation (Heparin)
Antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin)
ADP receptor inhibitor (Clopidogrel)
Beta-blocker
ACE inhibitor
Statin
Symptom control with Nitroglycerin and Morphine

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STEMI treatment

Reperfusion therapy (PCI > fibrinolysis)
Anticoagulation (Heparin)
Antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin)
ADP receptor inhibitor (Clopidogrel)
Beta-blocker
ACE inhibitor
Statin
Symptom control with Nitroglycerin and Morphine

Treatment of Dilated cardiomyopathy

Na+ restriction
ACE inhibitor
Beta blocker
Diuretic
Digoxin
ICD
Heart transplant

Treatment of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cessation of high-intensity athletics
Beta blocker or Non-dihydropyridine CCB
ICD (if high risk)

Heart failure: 3 medications diminish mortality; 2 for symptomatic relief; 2 improve both

ACE inhibitors or ARB - Beta blockers (except acute decomp. HF) - Aldosterone antagonist

Thiazide or Loop diuretics

Hydralazine + Nitrates

3 clinical findings in cardiac tamponade

Beck triad (hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds)
Tachycardia
Pulsus paradoxus

4 medications for primary HTN

Thiazide diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Dihydropyridine CCBs

4 medications for HTN with HF

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors/ARBs
Beta blockers (compensated HF)
Aldosterone antagonists

4 medications for HTN with DM

ACE inhibitors/ARBs
CCBs
Thiazide diuretics
Beta blockers

4 medications for HTN in pregnancy

Hydralazine
Labetalol
Methyldopa
Nifedipine

3 indications for Non-dihydropyridines CCBs

Hypertension Angina Atrial fibrillation/flutter

5 medications for hypertensive emergency

``` Clevidipine Fenoldopam Labetalol Nicardipine Nitroprusside ```

3 indications for Nitrates

Angina Acute coronary syndrome Pulmonary edema

Goal of antianginal therapy

Reduce MVO2 by reducing HR, BP, contractility or EDV

7 classes of lipid-lowering agents

``` HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Bile acid resins Ezetimibe Fibrates Niacin Fish oil / Omega-3 fatty acids PCSK9 inhibitors ```

4 types of Familial dyslipidemias

I- Hyperchylomicronemia IIa- Familial hypercholesterolemia III- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia IV- Hypertriglyceridemia

Digoxin: 2 indications and 4 antidotes when intoxication

HF (elevates contractility) AFib (diminishes AV and SA nodes conduction) Slowly reduce K+ Cardiac pacer Anti-digoxin Fab fragments Mg2+

Class of antiarrhythmics indicated and another CI in post-MI

Class IB indicated | Class IC contraindicated

7 adverse effects of Amiodarone

Pulmonary fibrosis (check PFTs) Hepatotoxicity (check LFTs) Hypo/hyperthyroidism (check TFTs) Acts as hapten (corneal and skin deposition) Peripheral and optic neuropathy Constipation Cardiovascular effects (brady❤️, ❤️ block, HF)