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Dr. Mel - Cardiovascular > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Pulsus paradoxus in 5 diseases

A 
Cardiac tamponade
Asthma
Croup
Pericarditis
Obstructive sleep apnea
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2
Q

Thiazide diuretics elevate 4 things and lower 3 things

A

Hypercalcemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperuremia

Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypotension

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3
Q

Elevated pulse pressure in 5 conditions

A 
Hyperthyroidism
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic stiffening
Obstructive sleep apnea
Exercise
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4
Q

Diminished pulse pressure in 4 conditions

A

Aortic stenosis
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiac tamponade
Advanced heart failure

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5
Q

3 causes of Mitral Valve Prolapse

A

Myxomatous degeneration
Rheumatic fever
Chordae rupture

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6
Q

2 causes of patent ductus arteriosus

A

Congenital rubella

Prematurity

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7
Q

4 causes of Torsades de pointes (predisposed by prolonged QT)

A

Drugs (ABCDE)
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Congenital abnormalities

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8
Q

4 treatment options for atrial fibrillation

A

Anticoagulation
Rate control
Rhythm control
Cardioversion

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9
Q

Treatment of atrial flutter

A

4 ttt like Afib

Definitive ttt is catheter ablation

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10
Q

Difference between patent foramen ovale and ASD

A

PFO: unfused septa tissue
ASD: missing septa tissue

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11
Q

Difference in cyanosis between the L-R shunts

A

VSD and ASD: upper and lower extremities

PDA: lower extremities

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12
Q

Treatment of hypertensive emergency

A

Fenoldopam IV (short acting peripheral dopa 1 recept agonist)

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13
Q

4 risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Tobacco
Age
Male sex
Family history

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14
Q

3 risk factors of thoracic aortic aneurysm

A

Hypertension
Bicuspid aortic valve
Connective tissue disease (Marfan syndrome)

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15
Q

Treatment of Unstable angina/NSTEMI

A 
Anticoagulation (Heparin)
Antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin)
ADP receptor inhibitor (Clopidogrel)
Beta-blocker
ACE inhibitor
Statin
Symptom control with Nitroglycerin and Morphine
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16
Q

STEMI treatment

A 
Reperfusion therapy (PCI > fibrinolysis)
Anticoagulation (Heparin)
Antiplatelet therapy (Aspirin)
ADP receptor inhibitor (Clopidogrel)
Beta-blocker
ACE inhibitor
Statin
Symptom control with Nitroglycerin and Morphine
17
Q

Treatment of Dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Na+ restriction
ACE inhibitor
Beta blocker
Diuretic
Digoxin
ICD
Heart transplant
18
Q

Treatment of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Cessation of high-intensity athletics
Beta blocker or Non-dihydropyridine CCB
ICD (if high risk)

19
Q

Heart failure: 3 medications diminish mortality; 2 for symptomatic relief; 2 improve both

A

ACE inhibitors or ARB - Beta blockers (except acute decomp. HF) - Aldosterone antagonist

Thiazide or Loop diuretics

Hydralazine + Nitrates

20
Q

3 clinical findings in cardiac tamponade

A 
Beck triad (hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds)
Tachycardia
Pulsus paradoxus
21
Q

4 medications for primary HTN

A

Thiazide diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Dihydropyridine CCBs

22
Q

4 medications for HTN with HF

A

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors/ARBs
Beta blockers (compensated HF)
Aldosterone antagonists

23
Q

4 medications for HTN with DM

A

ACE inhibitors/ARBs
CCBs
Thiazide diuretics
Beta blockers

24
Q

4 medications for HTN in pregnancy

A

Hydralazine
Labetalol
Methyldopa
Nifedipine

25
Q

3 indications for Non-dihydropyridines CCBs

A

Hypertension
Angina
Atrial fibrillation/flutter

26
Q

5 medications for hypertensive emergency

A 
Clevidipine
Fenoldopam
Labetalol
Nicardipine
Nitroprusside
27
Q

3 indications for Nitrates

A

Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Pulmonary edema

28
Q

Goal of antianginal therapy

A

Reduce MVO2 by reducing HR, BP, contractility or EDV

29
Q

7 classes of lipid-lowering agents

A 
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Bile acid resins
Ezetimibe
Fibrates
Niacin
Fish oil / Omega-3 fatty acids
PCSK9 inhibitors
30
Q

4 types of Familial dyslipidemias

A

I- Hyperchylomicronemia
IIa- Familial hypercholesterolemia
III- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
IV- Hypertriglyceridemia

31
Q

Digoxin: 2 indications and 4 antidotes when intoxication

A

HF (elevates contractility)
AFib (diminishes AV and SA nodes conduction)

Slowly reduce K+
Cardiac pacer
Anti-digoxin Fab fragments
Mg2+

32
Q

Class of antiarrhythmics indicated and another CI in post-MI

A

Class IB indicated

Class IC contraindicated

33
Q

7 adverse effects of Amiodarone

A

Pulmonary fibrosis (check PFTs)
Hepatotoxicity (check LFTs)
Hypo/hyperthyroidism (check TFTs)
Acts as hapten (corneal and skin deposition)
Peripheral and optic neuropathy
Constipation
Cardiovascular effects (brady❤️, ❤️ block, HF)

Dr. Mel - Cardiovascular (3 decks)

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