First Aid Flashcards
What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation (VA)?
VA = (VT - VD) x RR
Tidal volume - Dead space, x RR (12-20 breaths/min)
Pathology- hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands bronchi–> Reid index (thickness of gland layer/total thickness of bronchial wall) >50%.
Productive cough for 3 months per year for at least 2 years. Findings: wheezing, crackles, cyanosis,
Chronic bronchitis
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum, Charcot-Leyden Crystals… What is the associated disease?
Curschmann’s spirals (bronchial asthma)
Charcot-Laden crystals are double pointed hexagonal crystals that are formed when eosinophils in sputum breakdown.
What pathology is at hand: Opacities seen on X-ray on both sides of the carina. bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
What is the formula for the calculation of physiologic dead space?
Vd = Vt x (PaCO2 - PECO2/PaCO2)
Where Vt is the Tidal Volume (~500mL)
What pathology is at hand: Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture’s, Wegener’s
What pathology is at hand: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture’s
What pathology is at hand: Honeycomb lung on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
What pathology is at hand: Tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules
What pathology is at hand: Iron containing nodules in the alveolar septum. What are they and what is the associated pathology?
Ferruginous bodies - Asbestos related disease
Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is associated with what gene mutation?
BMPR2 gene (inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation).
MCC of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?
Pneumocystis jiroveci
MCC of atypical/walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Causative agent for pneumonia in alcoholics?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pneumonia associated with bird handlers?
Chlamydia psittaci
Often the cause of pneumonia in a patient with a history of exposure to bats and bat droppings?
Histoplasma
Pneumonia associated with patient who visited the Southwest: Southern California, New Mexico, or West Texas
Coccidioides
Pneumonia associated with “currant jelly” sputum
Klebsiella
Q fever
Coxiella burnetti
MCC of pneumonia in children greater than 1 year old:
Respiratory SV (RSV)
MCC of pneumonia in newborns or babies:
Group B streptococcus or E. Coli
MCC of pneumonia in ventilators and CF?
Pseudomona aeruginosa
Where is small cell oat carcinoma found?
Centrally in lung
Where is lung (non-small cell) Adenocarcinoma found in the lung? What genes are associated?
Peripherally in lung tissue and associated with clubbing of fingers. Assoc. genes are KRAS, EGFR, ALK
