First 10 Slides Flashcards
Nightingale’ s theory of environment
- individual’s environment and health
- Principle: clean air, sanitation
Health belief model
- explain and predict health behaviors
- shows that readiness to act on behalf of the person’s own health is predicated
- emphasis change at the individual level
Milio’s framework for prevention
- complements HBM
- emphasis on community
- identify relationship between health deficits and availability of health promoting resources
Autonomy
Respect a client’s decision
Non-maleficence
Do no harm
- monitor and evaluate outcomes of care
Beneficence
Action/intentions are for the good of the patient
- assess risks and benefits of intervention
Distributive justice
Fair distribution of the benefits
- determine eligibility for health care services and community resources
Advocacy of community health nurse
- change agents
- lobbyists
- coalitions
- public office
Change agents
- advocate for change, resources, or services (local, state, or federal level)
Lobbyists
Persuade legislators
Who can implement lobbying
By individual, or collectively through professional nursing associations
Coalitions
Collaborate two or more groups to facilitate a goal
Public office
Serving society and advocating for change through public service
Social determinants of health
Health factors can be affected by policies and programs which can overall affect health outcomes
Health outcomes
Mortality (length of life)
Morbidity (quality of life)
Health Factors
Health behaviors
Clinical care
Social and economic factors
Physical environment
Health behaviors (30%)
Tobacco use
Diet and exercise
Alcohol use
Sexual activity
Clinical care (20%)
Access to care
Quality of care
Social and economic factors (10%)
Education Employment Income Family and social support Community safety
Physical environment
Environmental quality
Built environment
Social determinants of health
Economic stability Neighborhood and physical environment Education Food Community and social context Health care system
Economic stability
Employment Income Expenses Debt Medical bills Support
Neighborhood and physical environment
Housing Transportation Safety Parks Playground Walkability Zip code/geography
Education
Literacy Language Early childhood education Vocational training Higher education
Food
Hunger
Access to health options
Community and social context
Social integration Support systems Community engagement Discrimination Stress
Health care system
Health coverage
Provider availability
Provide linguistic and cultural competency
Quality of care
Social determinants of health affects health outcomes
What are health outcomes?
Mortality Morbidity Life expectancy Health care expenditures Health status Functional limitation
Health disparities
Higher burden of illness, injury, disability or mortality experienced by one group relative to another
Health promotion define
Focus is on helping people change their lifestyle to bring optimal health (physical and psyhcological)
3 parts of health promotion
- preventative services
- series in multiple community settings
- screening programs
Types of preventative services of health promotion
Health education
Counseling
Immunization
Action aim to prevent a potential disease or disability
Types community settings where community health nurses provide preventative services
Occupation health
School nursed
Jail/prison
What is the responsibility of the community health nurse in screening programs for health promotion
For planning and implementing screening programs for at risk/ vulnerable populations
Epidemiological calculation
Incidence Prevalence Crude mortality rate Infant mortality rate Attack rate
Incidence
(New cases in the population at a specific time / population total) x 1000 = ______ per 1,000
Prevalence
(Number of existing cases in the population at a specific time / population total) x 1,000 = _____ per 1,000
Crude mortality rate
(Number of death / population total) x 1,000 = _____ per 1,000
Infant mortality rate
(Number of infant death before 1 year of age in a year / numbers of live births in the same year ) x 1,000 = _____ per 1,000
Attack rate
Number of people exposed to a specific agent who develops the disease / total number of people exposed
Incidence rate
The number of new cases in each time frame
Prevalence rate
Total number of cases (both new and pre-existing) in a specific period of time
Attack rates
The percentage of the population that contracts the disease in an at-risk population during a specified time interval
Endemic
Usual presence in a geo-graphical area
Epidemic
Increase, sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
Pandemic
Disease is an epidemic that spread over a large area
Prevalent through out an entire country, continent, or whole world
