10-20 Slides Flashcards
Epidemiological triangle
Host
Agent
Environment
Types of host
Susceptible host:
Age, gender, genetics, ethnicity, immunological status, physiological state, occupation
Types of agent
Chemical agents (drugs, toxins) Physical agents (noise, temperature) Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria)
Types of environment
Physical environment (geography, water/food supply, presence of reservoirs/ vectors)
Social environment (access to health care, high risk workings conditions, poverty)
How to assess
Informal conversation Structured interviews Focus groups Self administered questionnaires Tests Observations Documentations Findings from community assessment data
Identifying and prioritizing learning needs
Mandatory
Desirable
Possible
Mandatory
Needs must be learned for survival or situations life or safety threatened
Immediate
Desirable
Not life dependent but related to overall well being
Possible
Needs for information that is nice to know but not essential
Readiness to learn
P= physical readiness E= emotional readiness E= experiential readiness K= knowledge readiness
Physical readiness
Measures ability
Complexity of task
Environmental effects
Health status
Emotional readiness
Anxiety level Support system Motivation Risk taking behavior Frame of mind Developmental stage
Experiential readiness
Level of aspiration Past coping mechanism Cultural backgrounds Locus of control Self efficacy
Knowledge readiness
Present knowledge base
Cognitive ability
Learning disabilities
Learning styles
Learning styles
Visual
Auditory
Tactile-kinesthetic
Visual
Learn through “seeing”, note taking, video, presentation, pictures
Auditory
“Listening”, methods: verbal lectures, discussion, reading amount
Tactile-kinesthetic
“Doing”, methods: trial and error, hands on, return demonstration
What are learning domains used for
Can assist the nurse in planning education to achieve desired outcome
Types of learning domains
Psychomotor
Affective
Cognitive
Cognitive domain
Knowledge and understanding of facts, concepts and principles
Mental skills and knowledge
Psychomotor domain
Physical, manual skills
Affective domain
Attitude, values, and beliefs
Self
Behavior change theories
Health belief model
Pender’s health promotion model
Theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior
The trans theoretical or stages of change model
Precede and proced
Health belief model
Focus on individual beliefs about health conditions
What is health belief model used for
Predict individual health related behavior
Lender health promotion model
Multi dimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment
(Person’s experiences and characteristics affect action)
Theory of reason action and theory of planned behavior
Beliefs and norms associated with the behavior determine attitude and willingness to change
Trans theoretical or stage of change model
6 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination
Precede and proced
Assess health needs
What is “precede and proced” useful for in changing behavior
Helps design, implement, and evaluate health promotion and other public health programs to meet needs
Define primary prevention
Prevention of the initial occurrence of disease or injury
Examples of primary prevention
Nutrition education
Family planning and sex education
Smoking cessation education (all education)
Prenatal classes
Immunization
Advocating for access to health care and health environment
Secondary prevention define
Early detection and treatment of disease with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects
Examples of secondary prevention
Community assessments
Disease surveillance
Screening
Control fo outbreaks of communicable disease
Tertiary prevention define
Maximization of recovery after an injury or illness (rehabilitation)
Examples of tertiary prevention
Nutrition counseling Exercise rehabilitation Case management Physical and occupational therapy Support groups Exercise for hypertensive clients
I PREPARE define
I= investigate P= present work R= residence E= environmental concerns P= past work A= activities R= referrals and resources
What is IPREPARE mnemonic used for
This is a method used to determine current and past environmental exposure
Investigate
Investigate potential exposures
Present work
Exposures, use of personal protective equipment, location of material safety data sheets, taking home exposures
Residence
Age of home, heating, recent remodeling, chemical storage, water
Environmental concerns
Air, water, soil, industries in neighborhoods, waste site and landfill nearby
Past work
Exposures, farm work, military, volunteer, seasonal, length of works
Activities
Hobbies, activities, gardening, fishing, hunting, soldering, melting, burning, wasting, pesticide, alternative healing/medication
Referrals and resources
Association of occupational and environmental clinical
Possible toxins
Lead Pesticide Mercury Solvents Asbestos Radon
Air pollution
Carbon monoxide Particulate matter Ozone Lead Actors old Nitrogen dioxide Sulfur dioxide Tabasco smoke
Water pollution
Wastes
Erosion after mining or timbering
Run off from chemical added to the soil
3 stages/phrases of change
Unfreezing
Changing
Refreezing
Unfreezing define
When desire for change develops
Changing
Ideas to make the change are accepted and acted upon
Refreezing define
The change becomes integrated as part of regular behavior
“New status quo”
Community assessment components
People
Place or environment
Social system
Description of “people” in assessing community
Demographic (distribution, mobility, density, census data) Biological factors (health and disease status, genetics, age, gender, cause of death, race) Social factors (occupation, marital status, education, income) Cultural factors (roles, history, values)
Place or environment description of community assessment
Physical factors (terrain, type of community, location of health services, animal control) Environmental factors (geography, climate, toxic substances, vectors, pollutants)
Social system description in assessing community
Health system Economic system Education system Religious system Political system Welfare system Legal system Resource and services Transportation system
What is community diagnosis
Incorporate information form the community assessment, general nursing knowledge and epidemiological concepts (concept of risk in a population)
Community nursing diagnoses format
Risk of (specific problem or risk in the community) among (the specific population that is affected by the problem or risk) related to (strengths and weaknesses in the community that influence the problems or risk)
Community health settings types
Home health (traditional homies, assisted living facilities, and nursing homes)
Hospice (variety—home, hospice centers, hospitals and long term care)
Occupational health nurse (all work environments)
Faith community nurse (works with a group of clients who share common faith traditions)
School nurse
Activities done in home health settings as a community nurse
Educator, provider of skilled nursing intervention and coordinator of care
Skilled services
Evaluate the living environment for safety
Hospice care setting activities as community nurse
Support client and family through dying process
Bereavement support
Medical care aimed toward cure is stopped
Focus= relief of pain and suffering, and enhance quality of life care for client and family
Faith community nurse
CIRCLE model of spiritual care Caring Intuition Respect for religious beliefs and practices Caution Listening Emotional support
School nurse activities
Case manager Community outreach Consultant Counselor Direct caregiver Health educator Researcher
School nurse as a case manager
Coordinates comprehensive services for children with complex needs
Community outreach for school nurse
Meet the needs of all school age children by cooperative planning and collaboration
Consultant
Assist student, families, personnel in information about health and resources
Counselor as school nurse
Support students on wide variety health needs
