Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fire Officer Principles & Practice > Fire Officer Principles and Practice > Flashcards

Fire Officer Principles and Practice Flashcards

0
Q

what are the 4 major changes in a FF career

A

Completion of probation
Promotion to fire company commander
Promotion to Chief Fire Officer
Retirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the 3 roles a FO performs according to James Page?

A

supervisor, commander, trainer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are James Pages 3 recommendations for fire officers to develop technical competencies within the fire company

A

1 develop a personal training library
2 know the neighborhood
3 use problem solving scenarios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the system used by LAFD to identify tasks performed by each firefighter in chronological order to analyze them

A

measure of effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 rules of thought in human resource management

A

Scientific and humanistic management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In order from lowest to top Maslows hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety, security, order
  3. social needs and affection
  4. esteem and status
  5. self actualization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who developed the managerial grid

Blake and Mouton, Maslows, Frederick Taylor, French and Raven

A

Blake and Mouton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Moutons five behavioral models

A

Indifferent / controlling / accommodating/status quo/sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blake and Moutons 2 fundamental concerns which influence behaviors are

A

Concern for people, concern for result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who developed the scientific management

Blake and Mouton, Maslows, Frederick Taylor, French and Raven

A

Frederick Taylor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the four organizations that publish statistics about firefighter injuries and deaths

A

NFPA/USFA/NIOSH/IAFF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Four components of rehab

A

Rest/rehydration/nourishment/medical examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three indicators that training is needed

A

Near Miss/fire ground problem/observe performance deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Four step method for fire training/instructing

A

Preparation/presentation/application/evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychomotor skills

A

Initial, plateau, latency, mastery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mayday situations require two obligations from fire officer what are they

A
  1. maintain radio discipline

2. Maintain company/sector integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of power as developed by French and Raven

A

Legitimate/reward/expert/referrent/coercive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Target person complies in order to obtain rewards believed to be controlled by the agent

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power

A

reward power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

target complies due to belief that the agent has specials acknowledge

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power

A

expert power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

target complies in order to avoid punishment believed to be controlled by agent

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power

A

coercive power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

target believes agent has right to make the request and target has obligation to comply

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power

A

legitimate power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

under the Incident management system the IC has the ? to reassign the ventilation sector

reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power

A

legitimate power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gary Yukl updates the French and Raven taxonomy to define 2 types of powers

A

positional / personal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Positional power includes

A

legitimate, reward, coercive (defined by role an individual has within the organization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positional power includes ?, ?, ? Yukl adds tow additional position based power description ?, ?

A

legitimate, reward, coercive

informational, ecological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Personal power includes

A

expert/referent… reflects the effectiveness of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the phases of the conflict resolution model

A

listen & take notes/ active listening/ paraphrase & receive feed back/ don’t explain or excuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5 step process to ensure high quality decision making

A
  1. Define the problem
  2. Generate alternative solutions
  3. Select a solution
  4. Implement solution
  5. Evaluate the result
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

which aspect of problem solving is most difficult

A

implementation phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Four types of special extinguishing agents

A

Carbon dioxide/wet or dry chemical/halon/foam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

This organization has considerable experience with tracking evacuees

A

American Red Cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Communication cycle

A

Message/sender/medium/receiver/feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is LEPC

A

Local Emergency Planning Council:

requires companies to submit info to the fire department regarding hazardous materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Environmental noise contains two conditions

A

Physical and psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What organizational component is created to group tactical components at an incident

A

Branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Laymans five-step size up process

A
  1. Facts
  2. Probabilities
  3. Situation
  4. Decision
  5. Plan of operation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

National fire Academies size up process consist of

A

Phase 1: pre-incident info
Phase 2: initial size up
Phase 3: ongoing size up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two components to an IAP

A
  1. Development of appropriate strategy

2. Development of tactics to accomplish the strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Three activities in Crew Resource Management (CRM) are

A
  1. Avoidance
  2. Entrapment
  3. Mitigation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the components of the triangle of leadership

A

Trust and respect/leadership skills/effective leadership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are two skills needed for subordinates to express concerns to superiors

A

Inquiry/advocacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What organization started the near miss reporting system

A

IAFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The near miss program is based on aviation safety reporting system using tools from what U.S. Navy program

A

Human factors analysis and classification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How often do firefighters/officers review the near miss report

A

Every August

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Name the levels of HFACS:

A

Level 1: unsafe acts
Level 2: preconditions to unsafe acts
Level 3: unsafe supervision
Level 4: organizational influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Unsafe acts or level 1 of HFACS have two categories they are

A
  1. Errors: consider unintentional/based on decisions, skills or perceptions
  2. Violations: intentional act classified as either routine or exceptional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which level of HFACS is the most difficult to analyze and include the operating culture of a department

  1. Inadequate supervision
  2. Allowing inappropriate operations
  3. Failure to correct known problems
  4. Supervisory violations
A

Level 4: organizational influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Level 3/unsafe supervision in HFACS has four categories they are

A
  1. Inadequate supervision
  2. Allowing inappropriate operations
  3. Failure to correct known problems
  4. Supervisory violations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which level of HFACS analyzes substandard conditions/practices of the individuals involved:

  1. Inadequate supervision
  2. Allowing inappropriate operations
  3. Failure to correct known problems
  4. Supervisory violations
A

Level 2: preconditions to unsafe acts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the second leading cause the firefighter fatalities

A

Traumatic injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is a common scenario in single firefighter fatalities investigated by NIOSH

A

Lack of an effective IMS that includes an accountability component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Two organizations provide accreditation to fire service professional certification systems:

A

the National Board on Fire Service Professional Qualifications and the International Fire Service Accreditation Congress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

5 steps for developing a training program

A
  1. Assess Needs
  2. Establish Objectives
  3. Develop the training program
  4. Deliver the Training
  5. Evaluate the impact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

4 steps to the annual evaluation

A
  1. Supervisor fills out a standardized evaluation form
  2. Subordinate is allowed to review & comment on officers evaluation
  3. Face to Face feedback interview between supervisor/subordinate
  4. Establish goals to accomplish before next evaluation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When an officer tends to rate all of their firefighters either higher or lower than their actual work performance is known as

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

Leniency or Severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Evaluation Error that occurs when the evaluator perspective skews the evaluation:

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

Personal Bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

When a firefighter is evaluated only on incidents that occurred in the last few weeks:

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

Recency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

When a firefighter is rated in the middle range for all dimensions of work performance

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

central tendency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

When a firefighter is evaluated on the basis of the officers personal ideals instead of job standards

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

frame of reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

when an officer concentrates on only one aspect of the fire fighters performance (good or bad) and applies that across the board on his evaluation

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

Halo and Horn Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When an officer compares one firefighters performance w/ another firefighters and uses that vs. job standards in an evaluation

Contrast effect, Halo and Horn Effect, central tendency, Recency, Personal Bias, Leniency or Severity, frame of reference

A

Contrast effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Lowest level of the progressive discipline process

A

Formal Written Reprimand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

First level of negative discipline

A

oral reprimand, warning or admonishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which reinforcement theory is often under utilized?

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

A

Negative Reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Which reinforcement theory gives a reward for good behavior

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

A

Positive Reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which reinforcement theory ignores bad behavior

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Which reinforcement theory punishes bad behavior

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

A

Punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Which reinforcement theory removes an undesirable consequence of good behavior?

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

A

negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

According to Expectency theory what 3 considerations must an officer address

A
  1. Employees Belief his effort will achieve the goal
  2. Employees belief that meeting goal will lead to reward
  3. Employees desire for reward or rewards value to employee
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Which motivational theory relies on peoples natural competitiveness?

A

Goal Setting Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Which motivational process suggests employees compare their outcomes for inputs w/ other employees?

A

Equity Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Herzberg developed what theory

A

Motivation - Hygiene Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Hygiene factors are

A

external and do not motivate an employee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Motivation factors are

A

internal such as desire for advancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

NIMS 5 componenets:

A

Preparedness / Communications & Info management / Resource Management / Command & Management / Ongoing Management & Maintainance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what is part of the NIMS Command and Management Component

A

ICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the process of having the right number of people in the right place @ the right time?

A

Human Resource Planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the process of attracting, selecting & maintaining an adequate supply of labor

A

Staffing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Blake n Moutons Managerial grid provided the basis for what fire service initiative

A

CRM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

In regards to getting assignments complete 1st you find out the what, 2nd you find out the when, and last ?

A

How long it will take to complete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

a tool for supervisors to allow subordinates to complete tasks they are capable of performing, making the officer more effective.

task allocation or delegation

A

Delegation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

dividing responsibilities among individuals & teams in a manner that allows for their effective accomplishment. Making the team more effective…. a component of CRM

task allocation or delegation

A

task allocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the cited reasons for fatal collisions?

A

Excessive Speed for road collisions / operator error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What accounts for the largest percentage of traumatic ff deaths?

A

Collisions.. 3/4 of which were volunteers…..40% died in personal vehicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is another term to characterize laissez faire style of leadership

A

Free reign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is one additional task an officer has when dealing with external type of issues?

A

Notify his supervisor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

CERTs 9 x 2.5 hour class sessions consist of

A
  1. Disaster Preparedness
  2. Fire Safety and Utility Control
  3. Disaster Medical Operations Part 1
  4. Disaster Medical Operations Part 2
  5. Light Search & Rescue Operations
  6. Cert Organization
  7. Disaster Psychology
  8. Terrorism & CERT
  9. Course Review & Disaster Simulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

5 types of bldg const go:

A

1: Fire Resistive
2. Non combustible
3. Ordinary ( limited combustible)
4. Heavy Timber
5. Wood Frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Name the 3 types of standpipe systems & their intended use:

A

Class 1= has 2/12 outlet FIRE DEPT. Only
Class 2= has 1 1/2 w/ hose & nozzle OCCUPANT use
Class 3= has both and is for BOTH dept / occupant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

6 Steps to a pre incident plan

A
  1. Identify Physical elements & Site considerations
  2. Identify occupant considerations
  3. Identify fire protection systems & water supply
  4. Identify Special Hazards
  5. Identify emergency operation considerations
  6. Identify Special or Unusual Characteristics of common occupancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Who developed the life safety code?

A

NFPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are documents developed by a standards developing organization

A

model codes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Who develops model codes for jurisdictions having authority

A

NFPA & International Code Council

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is a law enacted by an authorized subdivision of a state such as a city, county or town

A

ordinance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

If a model code is enacted by a local jurisdiction it may occur in one of two ways what are they

A

Adoption by reference / Adoption by transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

When a jurisdiction passes an ordinance that adopts a specific edition of a model code its called?

A

adoption by reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

when a jurisdiction adopts the entire the entire text of a model code & publishes it as part of the adopting ordinance its called

A

adoption by transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How long do regulations apply to a bldg , made to meet a specific regulation

A

Remains in effect as long as it is occupied for the same purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

governmental orders written by a governmental agency in accordance with the statute or ordinance authorizing the agency to create

A

Regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Regulations are not laws but………

A

have the force of the law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What are the 15 functions within the NRF called

A

Emergency Support Functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Gordon Dupont “Dirty Dozen” are comprehensive list of reasons and ways that humans make mistakes

A 
Lack of communication
Complacency
Lack of Knowledge
Distraction 
Lack of Teamwork
Fatigue
Lack of Resources
Pressure
Lack of Assertiveness
Stress
Lack of awareness
Norms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Chapter 13:
Dental offices, doctors offices?

assembly, business, educational, industrial, health care, detention and correctional, mercantile, residential, storage, mixed, unusual

A

business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Chapter 13:
Colleges and universities?

assembly, business, educational, industrial, health care, detention and correctional, mercantile, residential, storage, mixed, unusual

A

Business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

An educational occupancy is used for educational purposes through the ?

first year university, 12 grade, 10 grade, high school, middle school

A

12 grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Educational occupancy may also cover some daycare centers for children ?

older than 6, older than 2 1/2 years, older than 12

A

older than 2 1/2 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

A healthcare occupancy is used for the purpose of medical or other treatment or for care of ? or more persons,

A

4 or more persons, where such occupants are mostly incapable of self preservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

a detention and correctional occupancy is used to house ? of more persons under varied degrees of restraint or security

A

four or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

towers, water tanks, barns

assembly, business, educational, industrial, health care, detention and correctional, mercantile, residential, storage, mixed, unusual

A

Unusual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

in a municipal department the fire officers supervisor is usually a command level officer including:

A

Battalion Chief / District Chief / Battalion Commander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

NFPA # for standard for fire officer professional qualifications

A

1021

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

The civil rights act of 1964 is enforced by which entitiy

A

EEOC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Title VII of the Civil Rights act of 1964 act was amended in 1972. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 include:

A

almost all public / private employers w/ 15 or more employees & in general covers volunteer fire depts & nonprofit emergency service organizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1991 provides what?

A

Additional compensatory & punitive damages in cases of intentional discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

when did the EEOC amend the guidelines on sexual harassment?

A

1999

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

eeoc guidelines state that verbal & physical conduct of a sexual nature is harassment when the following conditions are present

A
  1. employee is made to feel he or she has to endure treatment in order to remain employed
  2. Whether or not the employee submits or rejects such treatment is used when making employment decisions.
  3. Employees work performance is affected
  4. Intimidating , hostile, or offensive work environment is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

what is an essential component of sexual harassment

A

the abuse of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Indifferent on the managerial grid can be described as:

A

neutral / lowest level of concern for either results or people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

what are the 7 steps of delegation?

A

1.define your desired results
2. Select the appropriate firefighter
3. Determine the level of delegation
4. clarify expectations & set parameters
5.Give authority to match level of responsibility
6. provide background info
7 arrange feedback during process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What is the standard organizational structure used to manage assigned resources in order to accomplish stated objectives for an incident

A

Incident Command System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What are the six components of NFPA 1581 standard on infection control

A
  1. written policy w/ goal of identifying & limiting exposures
  2. Written risk management plan to identify risks & control measures
  3. Annual Training & education in infection control
  4. A designated infection control officer
  5. access to appropriate immunizations for employees
  6. How exposure incidents are to be handled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

According to this book how soon after an exposure should the infection control officer of the dept. be notified of the incident?

A

immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

who is charged with ensuring that all injuries, illnesses, exposures, fatalities, or other potentially hazardous conditions & all accidents involving dept. vehicles, fire apparatus, equipment, or facilities is thoroughly investigated?

A

health & safety officer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Some departments require a PAR be done during fire attack or other high hazard operation every how often

A

20 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What are the 3 phases of an investigation

A
  1. The identification & Collection of physical evidence
  2. The interviewing of witnesses
  3. The written documentation phase (at end of investigation)
126
Q

Who is the initial investigation of many situations often delegated to?

A

Local Fire Officer

127
Q

The fire officer has 4 roles to provide a safe environment for the company

A
  1. Identify unsafe & hazardous conditions
  2. Mitigate or reduce as many problems as possible
  3. Train & prepare for the remaining hazards
  4. Model Safe behavior
128
Q

Ralph Scott of LAFD is one of the fathers of FF certification training,creating a fire college in 1925. The LAFD training staff made a list of firefighter tasks to evolve into what document ? how many tasks?

A

The Trade analysis of fire fighting, 2000 tasks

129
Q

a method of directing, instructing, and training a person or group of people with the aim to achieve some foal or develop specific skills

A

coaching

130
Q

4 federal regulations governing firefighter training

A
  1. OSHA regulations 29 CFR Occupational Exposure to Bloodblorne Pathogens
  2. OSHA regulations 29 CFR Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) Training
  3. OSHA regulations 29 CFR Respiratory Protection Training
  4. HSPD-5 Managing Domestic Incidents
131
Q

bloodborne pathogen training usually takes how long

A

about 4 hours

132
Q

before live fire training a student must have prerequisite training, in addition to that he must be equipped with?

A

Full PPE / PASS device / SCBA that is compliant with the relevant NFPA standard

133
Q

Expected trainee behavior falls into 3 categories

A

responding to alarms / on-scene activity / emergency procedures

134
Q

Who develops the training action plan for live fire evolutions

A

The fire officer who is the instructor in charge

135
Q

Key Notes on live fire training

A

each attack and backup line should flow a minimum of 95 gal/min, the water supply should be 150% of the minimum needed water supply at the training site from two separate sources

136
Q

Dedicated positions on live fire training

A

safety officer and ignition officer

137
Q

Maximum size of a functional crew in a live fire training is

A

Five trainees

138
Q

How many years of experience does a fire officer candidate need as well as hours in an acting officer role required?

A

3-5 years in agency operations / 200 hours acting unit officer experience

139
Q

How many years of experience does a supervising officer need to become a managing fire officer

A

2-4 years

140
Q

how far in advance should you notify a ff who is likely to get an unsatisfactory rating on his review

A

10 weeks

141
Q

a moral , mental & physical state in which all ranks respond to the will of the leader is known as:

A

Discipline

142
Q

Typical steps of progressive negative discipline system include:

A
  1. counsel firefighter bout poor performance
  2. Verbally reprimand firefighter bout poor performance
  3. Issue written reprimand
  4. suspend
  5. terminate
143
Q

How long do suspensions normally run

A

1-30 days

144
Q

who recommends a suspension and who issues a suspension notice

A

Fire officer normally recommends it / battalion chief or higher command after consultation with Fire Chief or designee will issue it

145
Q

when do written reprimands normally expire

A

no longer then 1 year in file

146
Q

Who can terminate an employee

A

Top municipal official in general: mayor, county executive, city manager , or civil service commission. this is generally delegated to the agency or department heads, such as the fire chief

147
Q

The fire officer need to maintain company integrity to facilitate the mayday rescue and continue to fight the fire or control the hazard. Changes in assignment come from the

A

Group incident commander

148
Q

Active learning research recommends spending no more than ? minutes presenting a formal lecture or video presentation; the student loses focus after ? to ? minutes of passive learning (Kiewra 2002)

A

no more than 10 minutes, lose focus after 15-20 minutes

149
Q

Which president issued the first National Fire Prevention day in 1920?

A

Woodrow Wilson

150
Q

a comprehensive program directed at injury prevention. Developed by the NFPA, with co-funding from the Lowe’s Home Safety Council.

A

Risk Watch (a school based program that links teachers, safety experts,and parents)

151
Q

What are the 2 types of evaluations concerning public education programs

A

immediate feedback / long term evaluation

152
Q

When designing a public education program, the fire officer should review the ? , just as in fire fighter training:

target audience, ABCD of course preparation, desired effect, course outline

A 
ABCDs of course preparation
A-audience
B-desired Behavior
C-conditions which to perform task 
D-Degree of proficiency
153
Q

NFPA recommends 3 steps when working w/ media what are they

A
  1. Build a strong foundation
  2. use a proactive outreach
  3. use measured responsiveness
154
Q

NFPAs guidelines for conducting interviews are:

A
  1. Be prepared
  2. stay in control
  3. look & act the part
  4. its not over til its over
155
Q

What are the steps to a systematic approach for high quality decision making

A
  1. Define the problem
  2. generate alternative solutions
  3. select a solution
  4. implement the solution
  5. evaluate the result
156
Q

How often should you question each organizational activity

A

once a year

157
Q

what 2 goals does paraphasing an issue accomplish in a conflict resolution model

A
  1. Officer will finish with a good understanding of the issue
  2. The complainant feels the fire officer really listened.
158
Q

What are the 4 steps Taigman developed as a Conflict Resolution Model

A
  1. Drain the emotional bubble
  2. Understand the complainants view point
  3. Help complainant feel understood
  4. Identify the complainants expectation for resolution
159
Q

what are the 4 broad categories for problems a fire officer could be expected to encounter

A
  1. In -House Issues ( direct scope/ your station)
  2. Internal Dept. Issues (operational policies beyond your station)
  3. External Issues : private citizens / another organization
  4. High Profile Incidents: anything likely to become major event / dept must take immediate action
160
Q

2 purposes to pre-incident plan:

A
  1. provide info that would be useful in event of a fire @ high value /risk location
  2. Identify in advance strategies, tactics, & actions that should be taken if a predictable situation occurs
161
Q

legally enforceable regulations that relate specifically to fire safety, although some fire codes include related subjects such as: Hazardous Materials

A

Fire prevention codes

162
Q

What are codes that states adopt which do not give the option to local jurisdictions to adopt more restrictive regulations

A

mini/max codes

163
Q

How often does the model code process update?

A

every 3-5 years

164
Q

What is the preferred extinguishing system for protecting cooking equipment?

A

wet chemical system

165
Q

In terms of construction type which type # is defined as limited combustible?

A

Type 3 also known as “ordinary”

166
Q

occupancy type refers to the purpose for which a bldg is used or intended to be used …the code requirements are determined by its:

A

use group

167
Q

What are the 5 subcategories of the RESIDENTIAL use group:

A
  1. one & two family dwelling units
  2. Lodging or rooming houses / for 16 or fewer people
  3. Hotels : for more then 16 people
  4. Dormitory: for more then 16 people
  5. Apartment Bldg: 3 or more dwelling units
168
Q

Furniture Production facilities are in what use group?

A

industrial

169
Q

What are the steps of a fire inspection

A
  1. Circle the area as you park the apparatus to get a general overview of the property
  2. Meet the property owner & let them know you have arrived & will begin the inspection
  3. Begin the inspection at the exterior of the bldg & work systematically throughout the inside of the bldg, beginning at the lowest level & woking up.
  4. Conduct exit interview w/ the contact person
  5. Write a formal report on the inspection
170
Q

Less critical issues on a fire inspection need to be corrected within a reasonable time generally:

A

30-90 days

171
Q

Type 3 buildings are generally no higher then:

A

4 stories

172
Q

If using a radio how far should you hold it from your mouth

A

2 inches

173
Q

Examples of Infrequent reports are:

A 
Firefighter injury report
Citizen complaint
Property Damage or liability event report
Vehicle accident report
New equipment or procedure evaluation
Suggestions to improve fire dept. operation
Response to a grievance or complaint
Firefighter work improvement plans
Request for other agency services
174
Q

what is required by state workers compensation agencies whenever an employee is injured?

A

Supervisors Report / is the control document that starts the state file relating to an injury

175
Q

how soon after an incident must supervisors report be submitted?

A

24-72 hours

176
Q

List the steps to Preparing a News Release

A

Formulate a Plan
Develop the concept & write the release
Get the news release out to the media

177
Q

Events that would require an Expanded Incident Report Narrative ( in which all company members submit )

A

Civilian Fatality
Crime scene / Arson investigation
Occupant rescue qualifying for award / recognition
Company involved in unusual / difficult / high profile activity
Company acitivity occured that may have contributed to a death or serious injury
Company activity occurred that may have created a liability
Company activity occurred that has initiated an internal investigation

178
Q

Which organization manages the Nationwide database called NFIRS ( national fire incident reporting system)

A

US Fire Administration

179
Q

What is one example of a Geographic Information System?

A

A vehicle navigation system

180
Q

Geodatabase is an example of

A

Digital Mapping

181
Q

What are the 5 components of NIMS:

A 
Preparedness
Communications & Information Management
Resource Management
Command & Management
Ongoing Management & Maintenance
182
Q

what do local emergency response agencies have to adopt to remain eligible for federal disaster assistance?

A

Adopt ICS by training in the NIMS core curriculum

183
Q

IS 700 is :

A

NIMS intro

184
Q

ICS 100 is:

A

intro to IMS

185
Q

ICS 200 is:

A

ICS for single resources & initial action incidents

186
Q

ICS 300 is:

A

Intermediate ICS for expanding incidents

187
Q

ICS 400 is:

A

Advanced ICS

188
Q

Students attending courses @ NFA are required to complete which ICS courses before arriving

A

ICS 100 & 200

189
Q

ICS 701 is:

A

NIMS Multiagency Coordination System

190
Q

ICS 702 is:

A

NIMS Public Information System

191
Q

What is the primary agency dealing that deals with Emergency Support Funciton 4: firefighting in the National Response Framework

A

Dept of Agriculture / Forest Service

192
Q

What are the tactical level management elements used to assemble resources for a common purpose:

A

Groups / Divisions / Units

193
Q

What is a generic term that can be applied to either a geographical or functional component on the tactical level

A

Unit

194
Q

How many resources are assembled to make task forces

A

2-5 single resources

195
Q

Strike teams are comprised of how many units

A

5 units of the same type

196
Q

Strike teams are commonly used for what type of incidents?

A

wildland fires

197
Q

One of the most significant factors of size up is:

A

Visualization

198
Q

What is an effective potassium bicarbonate for extinguishing liquid fire ,which was developed by Naval Research Labs

A

Purple K

199
Q

What is NFAs formula for needed Fire Flow?

A

Fire Flow = ( L x W ) / 3 = required flow for a fully involved floor

200
Q

What is normally the best method of protecting an exposed property?

A

Make aggressive attack & extinguish fire before it can spread

201
Q

When need for resources exceeds normal operating capabilities of fire dept. & involves numerous other agencies what might the fire officer have to do:

A

Activate local emergency plan

202
Q

In most cases 1st level of assistance for fires is:

A

mutual aid from surrounding depts.

203
Q

Who is responsible for maintaining & coordinating the local emergency plan:

A

the Emergency Management Office

204
Q

What is the most common method a fire officer can use to activate the local emergency plan:

A

Notify the Dispatch Center

205
Q

Who can establish shelters for residents in large scale or long term evacuations

A

Red Cross

206
Q

What branch is responsible for communications & rehab:

A

Service Branch

207
Q

What is an area where primary logistics functions are coordinated & administered :

A

Base

208
Q

Who is responsible for moving equipment & water supply hoselines up & down stairwells?

A

Stairwell Support Group

209
Q

What is one practice in stair well support group to create an assembly line fashion:

A

Position firefighters every 3rd floor

210
Q

What is used to control fire flow path

A

PPV , wind control devices , externally applied water

211
Q

Thermal conditions in a fire flow path can be higher then:

A

752 degrees F

212
Q

What does NFPA say the initial source of firefighters to conduct a basic fire attack on a single family dwelling should be how many?

A

14 Firefighters

213
Q

What fire flow does the NFPA standard also call for :

A

based on a 2,000 sq ft house w/ no basement: need to be capable of flowing 400 gpm and initial flow a minimum of 300 gpm through 2 hand lines.

214
Q

What are the 2 kinds of adverse effects which latent conditions cause:

A
  1. error provoking conditions 2. long lasting holes
215
Q

What are unsafe acts committed by people in direct contact w/ situation or system:

A

Active failures

216
Q

What is not wearing a seatbelt in a moving vehicle an example of :

A

Active Failure

217
Q

List examples of latent conditions :

A

Untrustworthy alarms / unworkable procedures & designs & construction deficiencies

218
Q

What provides the greatest opportunity for trapping & preventing errors from moving to a catastrophe:

A

Error Avoidance

219
Q

Steps in Todd Bishops Assertive Statement Process

A
  1. Attention Getter / Opening
  2. State Your Concern
  3. State Problem as You See it
  4. State Solution
  5. Obtain Agreement / Buy in
220
Q

what 3 competencies is true respect based on:

A

Personal / Social / Technical : these are essential for leaders to function effectively in CRM environment

221
Q

4 critical areas for self assessment of follower ship:

A
  1. Physical Condition
  2. Mental Condition
  3. Attitude
  4. Understanding Human Behavior
222
Q

What are 2 categories most errors on incident scenes divide into:

A

Crew Performance / Mechanical Breakdown

223
Q

What are the 6 steps for maintaining emergency scene Situational Awareness:

A
  1. Fight the fire
  2. Assess problems in the time available
  3. Gather information from all sources
  4. Choose the best option
  5. Monitor The Results & alter plan as necessary
  6. Beware of Situational Awareness loss factors
224
Q

What are the situational awareness loss factors:

A

Ambiguity/Distraction/Fixation/Overload/Complacency/Improper Procedure/Unresolved discrepancy/Nobody Fighting the fire

225
Q

What practice is used to reduce paramedic medication errors

A

2 people looking at a checklist & speaking items out loud

226
Q

What is the procedure used by navy Blue Angels to debrief in a open, honest candid atmosphere where no member is immune from criticism / egos & feelings are left out and what ever is said inside stays inside

A

The Blue Line

227
Q

What is the most common cause of death this decade of firefighters still in the burning bldg.

A

Flashover or becoming trapped due to structural collapse

228
Q

What is considered a critical component of a comprhensive safety program

A

every interior operating team should have a TIC

229
Q

Example of a Typical Volunteer Duty Night:

Many Departments us a ? or ? to plan the duty crew activities.

A

day book or monthly calendar

230
Q

Example of a Typical Volunteer Duty Night:

one section of the fire station gest a major cleaning

A

2-3 times a year

231
Q

when a fire officer is preparing to give a class where should be the first stop to find info

A

Personal training library

232
Q

how many lawsuits does the eeoc file each year

A

about 400

233
Q

what does gravely recommend the fire officer focus on in regards to workplace behavior

A

actionable items & hostile workplace

234
Q

what level of fire officer certification is an officer with 3-5 years managerial experience & accomplished formal education to the level of a bachelors degree

A

NFPA Fire Officer Level 3 Administrative Fire Officer

235
Q

The 1972 EEOC Act expanded its coverage to include almost all public & private employers / with how many or more employers

A

15

236
Q

in a recent survey, chief officers working in cities and large counties responded to an email request to “list the most important tasks you want a new fire officer to do well” they where

A
  1. Beginning of shift report
  2. Notifications
    3 & 4 Problem solving & Decision Making
237
Q

what reinforces written pre incident plans:

A

walk-throughs

238
Q

detailed overhead view can be obtained:

A

aerial photographs/digital maps/Google earth

Specially valuable in apartment complexes, business parks, and retail areas

239
Q

these aerial views are especially valuable for

A

apartment complexes / business parks / retail areas

240
Q

Typical Volunteer Duty Night:

general station, company evolution, and apparatus cleaning performed on

A

on the weekends

241
Q

which managerial type has the lowest level of concern for both results and people

A

indifferent / key word is neutral

242
Q

the indifferent manager is like a bureaucratic govt agency treats everyone like a # , goes through the motions and relies heavily on:

A

Instructions & process/depending on others to outline what needs to be done/does enough to get by

243
Q

this managing style tries to moderate both concerns between results & people / doesn’t value one over the other / politically motivated & plays it safe

A

Status Quo : balance & compromise

244
Q

What includes all activities to train & educate the employees

A

Human Resource Development / heavily dependent on the fire officer @ company level

245
Q

What is the process of setting performance standards & evaluating performance against those standards?

A

Performance Management

246
Q

what is the 3rd level of maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Social Needs & Affection

247
Q

What level is the staffing function typically accomplished at

A

organizational

248
Q

Hawthorne effect means that performance will improve not because of any specific condition being tested but simply because:

A

the attention they receive

249
Q

name the sub quote for each managerial style:

Indifferent:

A

evade & elude

250
Q

name the sub quote for each managerial style:

controlling:

A

direct & dominate

251
Q

name the sub quote for each managerial style:

accommodating:

A

yield & comply

252
Q

name the sub quote for each managerial style:

Status Quo:

A

Balance & Compromise

253
Q

name the sub quote for each managerial style:

sound:

A

Contribute & commit

254
Q

Leo Stapleton / Boston Commissioner advocates officers maintain what:

A

personal journal / recording runs & issues they handled

255
Q

What are prime factors that directly cause death while operating in burning bldg.?

A

Asphyxia and burns.

256
Q

Violations are Unsafe Acts:
break them down, here is an example you name type:
Failure to follow recommended tactile best practice
failure to use safety equipment

A

Routine Violations

257
Q

Violations are Unsafe Acts:
break them down, here is an example you name type:
Not being qualified to perform an action would be:

A

Exceptional Violation

258
Q

Violations are Unsafe Acts:
break them down, here is an example you name type:
failure to follow recommended cerebral best practices

A

Routine Violations

259
Q

Violations are considered intentional and are classified as 2 types

A

Routine & Exceptional

260
Q

what is the nfpa standard for occupational health & safety program

A

NFPA 1500

261
Q

what percent bleach to water should be used when deconning medical equipment

A

1% bleach to water

262
Q

what is the first step in developing an incident action plan?

A

Understanding the causes of firefighter deaths & injuries

263
Q

What line of defense is the ISO for ensuring firefighters are obtaining appropriate rehab

A

3rd line of defense/behind the individual & fire officer

264
Q

NFPA standard for fire officer professional qualifications

A

NFPA 1521

265
Q

What is the minimum level of fire officer requirement to be an ISO

A

Level 1 fire officer

266
Q

When establishing objectives while developing a training program…what is the final part of the objective :

A

Measure of performance

267
Q

most states and commonwealths require the trainee to pass a knowledge exam and a skills test for ? before engaging in interior structural firefighting

A

Firefighter 1

268
Q

The International Fire Service Accreditation Congress (IFSAC) follows the ? format and operates through

A

CHEA format, Oklahoma State University

269
Q

What is the maximum size of a functional crew at a live fire training event

A

5

270
Q

When can the fire officer be certain that training has occurred ?

A

When their is an observable change in firefighters performance when responding to a real situation

271
Q

at which psycho motor skill is the firefighter said to be competent

A

plateau

272
Q

NFPA 1403 Live fire training evolution general points :

A
  • designated and appropriate rest and rehab area
  • inspect structure
  • assign safety officer and ignition officer
  • preburn brief & walk through
  • instructor to each crew (max 5 trainees, instructor for each backup line)
  • calculate the water supply: 150% of needed, 2 hand lines 95 gpm, 2 seperate sources
  • Postburn review
273
Q

Evaluation tendency when you base it on your personal ideals?

A

Frame of Reference

274
Q

Control over the physical environment, technology, or organization of work.

(information power, ecological power, reward power, expert power, referent power, coercive power)

A

ecological power

275
Q

power based on the target persons assessment the agents ability to discover or obtain relevant information rapidly and efficiently, usually though a cultivated network of sources

(information power, ecological power, reward power, expert power, referent power, coercive power)

A

Information Power

276
Q

Control over information

information power, ecological power, reward power, expert power, referent power, coercive power

A

information power

277
Q

what are 2 general rules for non-emergency activities

A
  1. don’t jeopardize the public s trust in the fire dept

2. don’t compromise the ability of the fire company to respond to emergencies in its district

278
Q

Who delivers CERT courses in the community

A

team of 1st responders

279
Q

Complex and long range tasks w/ a designated coordinator of multiple agencies may require what type of plan:

A

Formal Project Management Plan

280
Q

What can the fire officer use to divide a project into segments , w/ milestones to identify progress?

A

Project Control Document

281
Q

the difference between the current situation and the desired situation is defined as a

A

Problem

282
Q

once the brainstorming time is up, have the group select ? ideas they like the best

A

5

283
Q

In a brainstorming session group of 4 -16 people how long should be given

A

15-25 minutes

284
Q

how often is a hazardous use permit renewed

A

annually

285
Q

What are 2 examples of sociological environmental noise

A

Prejudice & bias

286
Q

what is used by departments to announce promotions or transfers

A

general orders

287
Q

which report is required by state workers compensation when an employee is injured

A

Supervisors Report

288
Q

which is the most common form of reporting

A

verbal reports

289
Q

What is the best way for the receiver to confirm understanding

A

repeat the key points back to the sender

290
Q

When does a supervisors report need to be submitted?

A

24-72 hours after investigating the incident

291
Q

What is a place to enter a record of any firefighter injury, liability creating event or special station visitors

A

Company Journal

292
Q

9 functions of command:

A 
Determining Strategy
Selecting Incident Tactics
Setting the Action Plan
Developing the ICS organization
Managing resources
Coordinating resource Activities
Providing for scene safety
Releasing Information about the incident
Coordinating w/ outside agencies
293
Q

What must be adopted to receive assistance under the stafford act?

A

NIMS

294
Q

who is the front line in ensuring firefighters obtain appropriate rehab

A
  1. Firefighters, first in line
  2. Fire Officer
  3. ISO (3rd line)
295
Q

The driver can remember a route he has not been to in several months is an example of

A

Latency

296
Q

What is order of psychomotor skills

A

Initial
Plateau
Latency
Mastery

297
Q

When did the NFPA standards get developed?

A

1970s

298
Q

what establishes the qualifications of the system to award certificates based on standards

A

accreditation

299
Q

Which government agency receives incident reports from Departments

A

Which government agency receives incident reports from Departments

300
Q

Who developed CRM?

A

NASA 1979

301
Q

The federal government undertakes a nationwide census

once a year, once every other year, once every five years, once every decade

A

once every decade

302
Q

What flight validated CRM in 1989?

A

Flight 232 United bound for LA from Chicago

303
Q

Who developed the error management model?

A

Robert Helmreich

304
Q

a tool for supervisors to allow subordinates to complete tasks they are capable of performing, making the officer more effective.

task allocation or delegation

A

Delegation

305
Q

what are the 6 areas of CRM in the Fire Service:

A 
Communication Skills
Teamwork
Task Allocation
Critical Decision Making
Situational Awareness
Debriefing
306
Q

motivational process known as EQUITY THEORY: suggest employees evaluate the outcomes they receive for their inputs and compare them with the outcomes others receive for their inputs. These outcomes range from:

A

pay and benefits to recognition, achievement, and promotion

307
Q

who should function as the scribe in a brainstorming session?

A

the officer, keep group on task , write down ideas

308
Q

a formal debriefing should emphasize what elements

A

communications, teamwork, both leadership & followership, evaluate critical decision making, reinforce situational awareness

309
Q

motivational process known as EQUITY THEORY: suggest employees evaluate the outcomes they receive for their inputs and compare them with the outcomes others receive for their inputs. These inputs range from:

A

educational level, performance level, risks taken, and special skills

310
Q

Who developed Risk Watch

A

NFPA

Fire Officer Principles & Practice (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions