Finegan chapter 2 Flashcards
phrase
a group of words functioning as a unit
etymology
historical development of a word
mental lexicon/lexicon
the brain’s dictionary; stores information about sounds, meanings, related words, and use in sentences
morphological information
how related words (such as plural for nouns, past tense for verbs) are formed
syntactic information
a word’s category (e.g., noun, verb, or adjective) and how to use it in a sentence
semantic information
meaning of a word
phonological information
a word’s sounds and their sequencing
lexical category
verb, noun, adjective, or other part of speech
verb phrase
word or group of words functioning like a verb and having a verb as the head
adjective
identify, refer to, or name qualities or properties of nouns; can be recognized by the pattern of their related forms: the endings -er and -est
verb
identify or name actions
nouns
share a set of endings/inflections
number
singular and plural (and sometimes other features)
co-occurrence patterns
an above-chance frequency of ordered occurrence of two adjacent terms in a text corpus
transitive verbs
verbs that take a noun (or noun phrase) directly after them (EX: told a joke, caught the train)
intransitive verbs
verbs that do not require a noun (EX: lie, pray, shower)
adverb
can’t be identified solely by their form; don’t generally have related forms; many are derived from adjectives by adding -ly display a wide range of functions: modify verbs, verb phrases, adjectives, adverbs, and even whole sentences
pronoun
substitute for nouns and noun phrases in specific kinds of contexts; function independently; take the place of nouns and noun phrases and not as modifiers of other words
personal pronouns
separated into first person, second person, and third person; used to refer to the self or other people specifically
interrogative pronouns
used in asking questions (EX: who, what)
relative pronouns
resemble other kinds of pronouns, but they’re used differently; related to some preceding noun phrase
indefinite pronouns
pronouns whose referents can’t be specifically identified (EX: some, someone, everybody, anything)
demonstrative pronouns
used to refer to things relatively near or, by contrast, relatively far away when the referent can be identified by pointing or from the context of a discussion
determiners
precede nouns (EX: an, a, this, those, which, whose); introduce nouns or noun phrases
definite and indefinite articles
the, an, a
demonstratives
this, that, these, those
possessives
my, our, your, her, his, its, their
interrogatives
which, what, whose
closed categories/closed classes
categories whose members can be fully enumerated
prepositions
invariant in form; typically precede a noun phrase; indicate a semantic relationship between other entities
postpositions
function like prepositions, but follow the noun or noun phrase instead of preceding it
coordinating conjunctions
conjoin expressions of the same category or status
subordinating conjunctions
serve to link one clause to one another in a non coordinate role
morphemes
meaningful elements in a word; can have lexical meaning or represent a grammatical category; NOT THE SAME AS SYLLABLES
monomorphemic
words that contain only a single morpheme (EX: true, hippopotamus, harvest)
free morphemes
morphemes that can stand alone as words (EX: true, mother, orange)
bound morphemes
morphemes that can only function as part of a word (EX: un-, tele-, -ness, -er)
suffix
derivational morphemes added to the ends of words; tend to change the category of the word to which they are attached; follow the stems they attach to
prefixes
morpheme at the beginning of a word; typically change the meaning of a word but not its lexical category; attach to the front of a stem
derivation
transforming a word into another word with a related meaning but belonging to a different lexical category
derivational morphemes
bound morphemes which derive/produce new words from existing words by changing the meaning of a word or its lexical category
inflectional morphemes
bound morphemes which change the form of a word but not its lexical category, and they don’t alter a word’s central meaning; generally added to the outermost parts of words
affixes
prefixes and suffixes
infix
a morpheme inserted within another morpheme
circumfix
a morpheme that occurs in two parts, one on each side of s tem
