Fine Arts Sections III & IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is music with no voices, only instruments, called?

A

programmatic music

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2
Q

Who wrote La mer?

A

Claude Debussy

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3
Q

La mer is French for what?

A

the sea

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4
Q

Who wrote The Sea?

A

Frank Bridge

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5
Q

Frank Bridge is from which country?

A

England

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6
Q

Who wrote Vltava?

A

Bedrich Smetana

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7
Q

Where is Bedrich Smetana from?

A

the Czech Republic

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8
Q

Vlatava took listeners along a programmatic journey through what?

A

one of the rivers from Smetana’s homeland

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9
Q

Where is the 2nd longest river in the world?

A

the Amazon

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10
Q

Who wrote Aguas da Amazonia?

A

Phillip Glass

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11
Q

Aguas da Amazonia paid tribute to what?

A

the Amazon

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12
Q

What does Aguas da Amazonia translate to?

A

Waters of the Amazon

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13
Q

The Mississippi River and its 2 tributaries, the Ohio and Missouri Rivers, have what ranking for the largest river system?

A

they are currently 3rd

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14
Q

The Mississippi River may be the most _____________ river in the entire world.”

A

musical

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15
Q

Who wrote the Mississippi River Suite?

A

Florence Price

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16
Q

Who was the first black woman to have a symphony performed by a major American orchestra?

A

Florence Price

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17
Q

Who wrote Mississippi Suite: A Journey in Tones?

A

Fred Grofe

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18
Q

When was the Mississippi Suite: A Journey in Tones premiered in NY?

A

1926

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19
Q

Mississippi Suite: A Journey in Tones depicted scenes from where?

A

the Mississippi’s headwaters in Minnesota to New Orleans

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20
Q

Who wrote Reflections on the Mississippi?

A

Micheal Daugherty

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21
Q

Reflections on the Mississippi is a Concierto for which instrument?

A

the tuba

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22
Q

What was Daugherty’s first composition for wind band?

A

Niagara Falls

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23
Q

The piece Niagara Falls was written for whom?

A

the University of Michigan Symphonic Band

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24
Q

Why did Daugherty dedicate Niagara Falls to the University of Michigan Symphonic Band?

A

because it was its 100th year anniversary

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25
Q

Where was Alan Hovhaness when Mount St. Helens erupted?

A

Seattle

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26
Q

When did Mount St. Helens erupt?

A

1980

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27
Q

The volcano Mount St. Helens erupted, producing the largest _____________ in recorded history.

A

landslide

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28
Q

Who asked Hovhaness to write a commemorative piece for the eruption of St. Helens?

A

his publisher

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29
Q

Who wrote Symphony No. 50: Mount St. Helens”?”

A

Alan Hovhaness

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30
Q

Symphony No. 50: Mount St. Helens” was written as a commemorative piece for which natural disaster?”

A

the eruption of the volcano Mount St. Helens

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31
Q

When did Hovhaness complete Symphony No. 50: Mount St. Helens”?”

A

1982

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32
Q

Who wrote Yellowstone for Violin and Orchestra?

A

Jett Hitt

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33
Q

What was the name of Joan Tower’s first orchestral composition?

A

Sequoia

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34
Q

When did Joan Tower write her first orchestral composition?

A

1981

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35
Q

What was the first orchestral work by a Black composer to be performed by a major American orchestra?

A

Afro–American Symphony

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36
Q

What was Grofe’s greatest musical achievement? (which piece)

A

the Grand Canyon Suite

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37
Q

When was the Grand Canyon Suite written?

A

1929–1931

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38
Q

Ferde Grofe regarded himself as a what?

A

composer of Americana”

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39
Q

Where was Grofe born?

A

New York

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40
Q

How old was Grofe when he and his family moved to the West Coast?

A

he was still an infant

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41
Q

How old was Grofe when he started performing professionally?

A

15 years old

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42
Q

What instruments did Grofe learn to play?

A

piano, violin, viola, and alto horn

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43
Q

When did Grofe join the LA Symphony Orchestra?

A

17 years old

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44
Q

What did Grofe play for the LASO? (LA Symphony Orchestra)

A

violin

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45
Q

How long did Grofe play with the LASO?

A

for about 10 years

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46
Q

Grofe would not be unknown today if he hadn’t joined which orchestra?

A

the Paul Whiteman Orchestra

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47
Q

When did Grofe join the Paul Whiteman Orchestra?

A

1920

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48
Q

What was Grofe’s role in the Paul Whiteman Orchestra?

A

he was an arranger

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49
Q

Who arranged Rhapsody in Blue?

A

Ferde Grofe

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50
Q

The popularity of Rhapsody in Blue moved which 3 people into the national spotlight?

A

Whiteman, Gershwin, and Grofe

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51
Q

What piece earned Grofe his lavish praise?

A

The Grand Canyon Suite

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52
Q

Who adapted Grofe’s Grand Canyon Suite for a 1958 short film?

A

Walt Disney

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53
Q

What award did the 1958 short film, which used Grofe’s Grand Canyon Suite, win?

A

an Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Live Action)

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54
Q

During WWI, Grofe volunteered to join a US cavalry band playing which instrument?

A

the baritone

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55
Q

What personal introduction did Grofe have to the Grand Canyon?

A

he spent hours there during his time in the military

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56
Q

How long had Native Americans resided in the area of the Grand Canyon?

A

13,000 years

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57
Q

When did Spanish conquistadors first visit the Grand Canyon’s South Rim?

A

1540

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58
Q

How many years earlier did explorers visit the Grand Canyon compared to Niagara Falls?

A

138 years earlier

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59
Q

How many years earlier did explorers visit the Grand Canyon compared to Yellowstone?

A

167 years earlier

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60
Q

How many years earlier did explorers visit the Grand Canyon compared to Yosemite Valley?

A

300 years earlier

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61
Q

When was the Grand Canyon taken by the government as a forest reserve?

A

1893

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62
Q

When was the Grand Canyon taken by the government as a game reserve?

A

1906

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63
Q

When was the Grand Canyon declared a national monument?

A

1906

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64
Q

When was the US National Park Service established?

A

1916

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65
Q

When was the Grand Canyon declared a national park?

A

1919

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66
Q

How many acres of land does the Grand Canyon National Park cover?

A

1.2 million acres

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67
Q

How many square miles of land does the Grand Canyon National Park cover?

A

over 1,900 square miles

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68
Q

How many miles of the Colorado River are included in the Grand Canyon National Park?

A

278 miles

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69
Q

How many people visited the Grand Canyon National Park in its first year of opening?

A

37,745

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70
Q

How many people visited the Grand Canyon National Park in 2022?

A

4.7 million

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71
Q

Who does Grofe credit in the Grand Canyon Suite?

A

Eddie King

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72
Q

Who was Eddie King?

A

a recording supervisor for Columbia Records, the inspiration for the On the Trail” movement”

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73
Q

When did the Grand Canyon Suite debut?

A

November 22, 1931

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74
Q

What was the initial name of the Grand Canyon Suite before they changed it to its current name?

A

Five Pictures of the Grand Canyon

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75
Q

What are the 5 movements in the Grand Canyon Suite?

A
  1. Sunrise
  2. Painted Desert
  3. On the Trail
  4. Sunset
  5. Cloudburst
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76
Q

What is an encore?

A

a repetition of a piece

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77
Q

The very first audience for the Grand Canyon Suite was so enthralled that they asked for what?

A

an encore

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78
Q

What are burros?

A

wild donkeys

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79
Q

On a Grand Canyon trail, what are people carried down by?

A

donkeys

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80
Q

Who initiated the practice of putting tourists visiting the Grand Canyon on mules?

A

John Hance

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81
Q

When did John Hance first start advertising about mule rides?

A

1887

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82
Q

What are mules the offspring of? (what animal species)

A

male donkeys and female horses

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83
Q

What is a concerto?

A

a piece with a solo instrument and an orchestra

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84
Q

During most concertos, there is a section where the orchestra stops playing and the soloist performs what?

A

a cadenza

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85
Q

What is a cadenza?

A

a passage without a steady beat

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86
Q

Who helped Grofe write the cadenza?

A

Kurt Dieterle, a violinist in the Whiteman orchestra

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87
Q

Who was the soloist in the Grand Canyon Suite?

A

Kurt Dieterle

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88
Q

When did Grofe record the Grand Canyon Suite?

A

April of 1932

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89
Q

Right before the hee–haw in On the Trail, what volume does the timpani play?

A

fortissimo

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90
Q

What does the harp play after the initial bray of the burro in On the Trail?

A

an arpeggio

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91
Q

What is a fermata?

A

a moment in the piece where a note is sustained for longer than its marked value

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92
Q

In On the Trail, how does the percussion mimic the sounds of hooves?

A

using coconut shells muffled with leather

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93
Q

The celesta is largely known today due to its use in which musical piece?

A

Hedwig’s Theme” from the Harry Potter films”

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94
Q

What occurs at time stamps 2:01 and 3:10 of On the Trail?

A

Accelerandos

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95
Q

What is motif is played at time stamps 1:29, 2:38, and 4:46?

A

the Burro motif

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96
Q

What two instruments play the burro motif at 2:38?

A

oboe and piccolo

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97
Q

Which instrument group plays The Cowboy Song” at 3:55 in On the Trail?”

A

trombones

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98
Q

How long did the Philip Morris Radio Show use On the Trail as its signature tune for?

A

20 years

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99
Q

What part of the Grand Canyon Suite uses programmatic thunderstorms? (which movement)

A

Cloudburst”

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100
Q

Musical representations of tempests can be found as early as which era?

A

the Baroque era

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101
Q

When was the Baroque era?

A

1600 – 1730

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102
Q

When did Vivaldi publish his Four Seasons”?”

A

1725

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103
Q

Which instrument is the Four Seasons” concerto for?”

A

it is a violin concerto, so it is for violin

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104
Q

What is the second concerto of The Four Seasons called?

A

Summer”

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105
Q

How many concertos did Vivaldi write with the title La tempesta di mare”?”

A

2

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106
Q

What does Four Seasons mean in Italian?

A

Le quattro stagioni

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107
Q

In Summer” of The Four Seasons, which movement features a dramatic storm?”

A

the 3rd movement

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108
Q

What does La tempesta di mare” mean in English?”

A

The Storm at Sea

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109
Q

What are Baroque operas?

A

theatrical works where the dialogue is sung rather than spoken

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110
Q

Who wrote Alcione?

A

Marin Marais

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111
Q

When was Alcione made/released?

A

1706

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112
Q

Who wrote Hippolyte et Aricie?

A

Jean–Phillipe Rameau

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113
Q

When was Hippolyte et Aricie made/released?

A

1733

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114
Q

When did stormy” aural depictions excel? (which time period)”

A

the Romantic era

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115
Q

When was the Romantic era?

A

most of the 19th century

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116
Q

Beethoven was known for being one of the first composers to work _______________ rather than as an employee.

A

freelance

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117
Q

The majority of professional musicians in the earlier eras worked as what?

A

an employee

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118
Q

Who did Joseph Haydn spend most of his career working for?

A

the Esterhazys

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119
Q

Who were the Esterhazys?

A

a noble Hungarian family

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120
Q

What caused the aristocrats to want to keep Beethoven in Vienna?

A

his fruitful year in 1808

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121
Q

When was the first time the public heard Beethoven’s 4th, 5th, and 6th piano concertos with Beethoven as the pianist?

A

December 22, 1808

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122
Q

What is the name of Beethoven’s 6th concerto?

A

Pastoral”

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123
Q

What is featured in the 4th movement of Beethoven’s Pastoral”?”

A

a programmatic storm

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124
Q

The posterity of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony’s distinctive opening motif characterized it as what?

A

Fate knocking at the door”

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125
Q

How many movements are in Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

5

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126
Q

What was the 1st movement for Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

Awakening of Cheerful Feelings on Arrival in the Countryside”

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127
Q

What was the 2nd movement for Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

Scene by the Brook”

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128
Q

What was the 3rd movement for Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

Merry Gathering of Country Folk”

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129
Q

What was the 4th movement for Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

Thunderstorm”

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130
Q

What was the 5th movement for Beethoven’s 6th Symphony?

A

Shepherd’s Song”

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131
Q

In the second movement of Pastoral”, calls of which birds were imitated?”

A

the quail, nightingale, and cuckoo

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132
Q

Why did Beethoven want no breaks in between movements for Pastoral”?”

A

because he wanted to contrast the brief pauses that usually occur during symphonic movements

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133
Q

The Pastoral Symphony is in what key?

A

key of F major

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134
Q

What is the first thing played in the Pastoral Symphony?

A

a sustained, pianissimo D–flat in the low strings

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135
Q

How do the low strings create a trembling” sensation on their D–flat?”

A

by moving the bow very rapidly

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136
Q

What key is the 4th movement of Pastoral expected to be in?

A

F–minor

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137
Q

How does the timpani contribute to the sound of thunderclaps?

A

it plays sforzandos

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138
Q

What are sforzandos?

A

sharply accented, loud notes

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139
Q

How many note ostinatos do the cellos play?

A

5–note ostinatos

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140
Q

How many note ostinatos does the double bass play?

A

4–note ostinatos

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141
Q

What is the highest–pitched member of the woodwind family?

A

the piccolo

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142
Q

When was the tuba patented?

A

1835

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143
Q

What was the lowest brass instrument when Pastoral was released?

A

the trombone

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144
Q

Which 3 instruments only play during the 4th movement of Pastoral?

A

the piccolo, trombone, and timpani

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145
Q

Grofe studied Thunderstorm” for which movement of his Grand Canyon Suite?”

A

Cloudburst”, or the 5th movement”

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146
Q

Beethoven’s 6th Symphony was used to support what in the film Fantasia?

A

a mythological sequence

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147
Q

Who was the conductor for the film Fantasia?

A

Leopold Stokowski

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148
Q

When was the animated film Fantasia released?

A

1940

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149
Q

What classical piece was Fantasia originally going to use?

A

a work by Pierne

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150
Q

Who suggested the use of Beethoven’s Symphony for Fantasia?

A

one of the story directors, Dick Heumer

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151
Q

There would be no life on Earth without which key element?

A

oxygen

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152
Q

Where does most of the oxygen come from?

A

plants and ocean organisms, such as algae or bacteria

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153
Q

When do students usually learn about photosynthesis?

A

upper–elementary

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154
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

a process where organisms absorb CO2 and water to create their food (glucose) and oxygen

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155
Q

What is flora?

A

the plant life of a region

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156
Q

What is fauna?

A

the animal life of a region

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157
Q

Where is Toru Takemitsu from?

A

Japan

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158
Q

Takemitsu represents an unusual blend of what characteristics?

A

Western and Asian characteristics

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159
Q

What did Takemitsu do when the Japanese government banned Western music?

A

he secretly listened to a French song

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160
Q

How did Takemitsu feel about the Japanese ban on Western music?

A

he felt extreme bitterness”

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161
Q

What caused Takmitsu to reject ethnic Japanese music for so long?

A

his bitterness and anger, which was caused by the Japanese government not allowing its citizens to listen to Western music

162
Q

How did Takemitsu grow to like the music of many modern” musicians?”

A

when he was listening to the music his colleagues brought over from America

163
Q

What did Takemitsu establish in 1951?

A

an experimental workshop

164
Q

When did Takemitsu’s view of Japanese ethnic music begin to change?

A

in the early 1960s

165
Q

What Japanese traditional music was Takemitsu particularly interested in?

A

sawari

166
Q

What is the goal of sawari music?

A

to reproduce the sounds of nature

167
Q

The means used to produce sawari music may seem like what to Western listeners?

A

it may seem like noise to Western listeners

168
Q

Takemitsu’s pursuit of sawari music opened the door to a series of works he called the _______________ ___________.

A

Waterscape cycle

169
Q

In the Waterscape cycle, what do all the song names have in common?

A

they all have some sort of aquatic reference

170
Q

What does Takemitsu mean when says Water is like a sound”?”

A

he means that is water may change form but continues to exist in some way

171
Q

What does Takemitsu mean when he says The sea is like music”?”

A

tidal currents and sound both produce waves

172
Q

Takemitsu believed all his Waterscape compositions would pass through various mutations and culminate in what?

A

a sea of tonality

173
Q

What is the S–E–A” motif?”

A

a set of 3 pitches: E–flat – E – A

174
Q

What is the German term for lowering a pitch a half–step?

A

sanft, shortened as s”

175
Q

How would a German pronounce E–flat?

A

Ess” or “s”

176
Q

What did Takemitsu’s friend, Kenzaburo Oe, see in Hawaii that inspired him?

A

Samanea saman, or the rain tree

177
Q

Oe wrote about the rain tree he saw in Hawaii in what short story?

A

Atama no ii, Ame no ki

178
Q

What does Atama no ii, Ame no ki mean in English?

A

An Intelligent Rain Tree

179
Q

When did Oe publish Ante no ki o kiku on’natachi?

A

in 1982

180
Q

What does Ante no ki o kiku on’natachi mean in English?

A

Women Listening to the Rain Tree

181
Q

What prize did he earn for Ante no ki o kiku on’natachi?

A

the prestigious Yomiuri Literary Prize

182
Q

Zen Buddhism and other Eastern philosophies believe in what concept?

A

a concept of unity within multiplicity, we must be in harmony with nature

183
Q

How many percussionists are used in Rain Tree?

A

3

184
Q

How many performers are there in Rain Tree?

A

3

185
Q

In Rain Tree, the 3 percussionists can be replaced what instrument?

A

3 pianos

186
Q

Why is Rain Tree classified as a type of chamber music called a trio?

A

because there are only 3 performers

187
Q

How many primary Western idiophones are used in Rain Tree? (and what are they)

A

3, a vibraphone and 2 marimbas

188
Q

What can a vibraphone do that marimbas can’t?

A

a vibraphone can produce vibrato

189
Q

How does a vibraphone make vibrato?

A

it has a motor that allows pitches to pulsate in a technique called vibrato

190
Q

What are crotales?

A

small disks of brass that produce extremely resonant bell sounds

191
Q

What is another name for crotales?

A

antique cymbals

192
Q

At the beginning of Rain Tree, what are the crotales supposed to sound like?

A

raindrops

193
Q

What are the first 4 notes in Rain Tree?

A

B–flat

194
Q

How high can a rain tree grow?

A

80 feet high, but some have been recorded to reach 160 feet

195
Q

How large is the diameter of a rain tree?

A

100 feet, but some are as large as 195 feet

196
Q

What two insects does the rain tree primarily depend on?

A

moths and bees

197
Q

Who wrote Flight of the Bumblebee?

A

Nikolai Rimsku–Korsakov

198
Q

What does Flight of the Bumblebee capture about a bee?

A

its wild trajectory

199
Q

What did everyone think Nikolai would do in life?

A

embark on a naval career, like his brother

200
Q

How old was Nikolai when he joined the Naval College in St. Petersburg?

A

12 years old

201
Q

What other activity did Nikolai do while attending the Naval College in St. Petersburg?

A

he took music lessons

202
Q

Why did Voin try to stop Nikolai from continuing music?

A

because he was putting too much time into it

203
Q

After Voin took Nikolai’s keyboard, what did his piano teacher teach him?

A

music theory and composition

204
Q

Why didn’t Nikolai’s piano teacher stop giving him music lessons?

A

because he was too talented” to stop teaching him”

205
Q

How old was Nikolai when he met Mily Balarkirev?

A

17 years old

206
Q

What task did Mily give Nikolai after some music tutoring?

A

she told him to compose a symphony

207
Q

Why didn’t Nikolai start writing the symphony immediately?

A

because he had to sail on a naval ship for a 3–year tour of duty

208
Q

Mily introduced Nikolai to other young, Russian musicians, who later became which group?

A

The Mighty Handful” or “The Five”

209
Q

Why was Nikolai’s group called The Mighty Handful”?”

A

because of their impact on developing Russian classical music

210
Q

What musical works did Nikolai really want to produce?

A

operas

211
Q

When did Nikolai start making his first opera?

A

in 1868

212
Q

How long did Nikolai’s first opera take to write?

A

3 years

213
Q

Why did Nikolai’s first opera take so much time to write?

A

because he also had his busy naval work

214
Q

How many operas did Nikolai write?

A

15

215
Q

What instruments did Nikolai take up to learn more about wind instruments?

A

trombone, flute, and clarinet

216
Q

Why did Nikolai want to learn more about wind instruments?

A

so he could successfully work in his offered position as Inspector of Naval Bands” in the Russian army”

217
Q

The Flight of the Bumblebee was the musical support for what?

A

a transformation scene in a fairy–tale opera, The Tale of Tsar Saltan

218
Q

How does the Flight of the Bumblebee open?

A

the full orchestra plays a loud sforzando chord

219
Q

When does the transformation of Gvidon occur in the Saltan opera?

A

at the end of Act III

220
Q

What is the diminuendo in the Bumblebee supposed to emphasize?

A

the shrinking of Prince Gvidon in size

221
Q

What does con sordino mean in English?

A

with mute

222
Q

What is a mute for an instrument?

A

a device that quiets the volume of an instrument

223
Q

Why do violins need a mute for the Bumblebee piece?

A

so they don’t overpower the flute

224
Q

What is a leitmotif? (remember from last year with E.T.)

A

a short melody that serves a musical symbol

225
Q

Who made the very famous leitmotif to represent the shark in Jaws?

A

John Williams

226
Q

How many notes was the leitmotif for the shark in Jaws?

A

2 notes

227
Q

Why does the leitmotif in the Bumblebee piece have steady 16th notes between the main notes?

A

to represent the bee constantly buzzing

228
Q

How many leitmotifs are in the Bumblebee piece?

A

2

229
Q

What chord is played during the second leitmotif?

A

an arpeggiated F major seventh chord

230
Q

Who composed L’Abeille?

A

Francois Schubert

231
Q

What term is used to refer to the sounds birds make?

A

birdsongs”

232
Q

About how many years before the bumblebee song was L’Abeille composed?

A

roughly 40 years

233
Q

The call of which bird is made in the piece Sumer is icumen in?

A

a cuckoo

234
Q

When was the Renaissance? (time period it spanned)

A

15th and 16th centuries

235
Q

Who are ornithologists?

A

people who study birds

236
Q

What is the main challenge in transcribing birdsongs?

A

birds vocalize very quickly

237
Q

A skylark can sing how many tones per second?

A

100–103 tones per second

238
Q

What is a tessitura?

A

a comfortable vocal range for a musician

239
Q

Amy Beach had been demonstrating her ability to replicate music since when?

A

the age of 4

240
Q

What is perfect pitch?

A

the ability to identify pitches without using any references

241
Q

Why did Edward Rowland Sill transcribe bird melodies?

A

to assist a colleague with his book on California bird songs

242
Q

Where did Edward Sill teach?

A

at UC Berkeley

243
Q

How did Edward Sill meet Amy Beach?

A

they met while while the Beaches were over in SF and he heard that she had perfect pitch, so he invited her to help him

244
Q

When did Beach’s husband die? (year)

A

1921

245
Q

Who was Amy Beach’s husband?

A

Dr. Henry Harris Aubrey Beach

246
Q

Where did Beach start spending her summers after her husband died?

A

in Peterborough, New Hampshire

247
Q

The first summer Beach spent in NH, what bird was she interrupted by?

A

a hermit thrush

248
Q

How did Beach describe the birdsong of the hermit thrush she heard in NH?

A

lonely yet appealing music”

249
Q

When did Beach start writing Hermit Thrush at Eve?

A

July 20, 1921

250
Q

When did Beach start writing Hermit Thrush at Morn?

A

July 22, 1921

251
Q

What did Beach emphasize in the printed copies of the hermit thrush compositions?

A

the novelty of her avian composer

252
Q

How are the notes in the Hermit Thrush at Morn different from the birdsong?

A

the notes of the piece are an octave lower

253
Q

A quotation from which poem was included at the top of Hermit Thrush at Morn?

A

The Thrush’s Nest”

254
Q

When was The Thrush’s Nest” first published?”

A

1833

255
Q

Who wrote The Thrush’s Nest”?”

A

English poet John Clare

256
Q

What is a waltz?

A

triple–meter ballroom dance for couo=ples

257
Q

When did the waltz originate?

A

the 19th century

258
Q

What was the accompaniment for the bird song in Hermit Thrush at Morn?

A

a waltz

259
Q

What is the tempo indication at the beginning of Hermit Thrush at Morn?

A

Quasi valse lento, like a slow waltz

260
Q

What does poco agitato mean?

A

a little more agitated

261
Q

What is the overall harmony key in Hermit Thrush at Morn?

A

D–minor

262
Q

How long does the prolonged D–minor chord in Hermit Thrush at Morn last? (the one at the end of the piece)

A

the last 6 measures

263
Q

In Hermit Thrush at Morn, what is the final pitch the bird sings?

A

a C

264
Q

Environmentalist art has a strong tradition of what?

A

documentation of landscapes being polluted or effects of pollution

265
Q

What organization created the Documerica project?

A

the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

266
Q

When was the Documerica project created?

A

the 1970s

267
Q

About how many photographs of American pollution, infrastructure, and wilderness did the Documerica project produce?

A

roughly 20,000

268
Q

What was the purpose of Eugene Smith’s 3–year project in Japan?

A

to photograph the effects of mercury poisoning from a factory

269
Q

In which city was the factory that Smith was photographing in his 3–year project?

A

Minamata, Japan

270
Q

What does photographer Chris Jordan take photos of in his series Midway”?”

A

plastic waste found in dead, decaying birds

271
Q

What does Yao Lu’s series New Landscapes” depict?”

A

mounds of garbage laden with green netting photographed to initially look like the landscapes of traditional Chinese scroll paintings

272
Q

What effect does toxic sublime have?

A

in photography, it can make an extreme appearance of pollution look beautiful

273
Q

Who is Agnes Denes?

A

A Hungarian–born American artist

274
Q

Where is Denes’ practice based?

A

NYC

275
Q

Where did Denes study? (higher education)

A

the New School and Columbian University

276
Q

What was Denes’ career before pursuing visual art full–time?

A

she was a poet

277
Q

Denes was one of the first artists in the postwar decades to do what?

A

to articulate an explicitly ecological direction for art

278
Q

When was Rice/Tree/Burial released?

A

1968

279
Q

Rice/Tree/Burial was one of the foundational works of what type of art?

A

ecological contemporary art

280
Q

What word did Denes use to describe Rice/Tree/Burial?

A

she described it as a manifesto”

281
Q

What is a manifesto?

A

creative work that sets out an agenda for radical change

282
Q

Where was Rice/Tree/Burial carried out?

A

in Sullivan County, NY

283
Q

What was the rice in the piece Rice/Tree/Burial referring to?

A

actual rice Denes planted as a gesture and a means to sustain life

284
Q

What was the tree in the piece Rice/Tree/Burial referring to?

A

a group of trees Denes wrapped in chains, creating a zig–zag pattern as an expression of human damage and interference with the natural world

285
Q

What was the burial in the piece Rice/Tree/Burial referring to?

A

the burying of a haiku she wrote

286
Q

According to Denes, what is Eco–Logic”?”

A

a complex of site–oriented artworks that bring together philosophical concepts and ecological concerns

287
Q

Where was Denes asked to recreate Rice/Tree/Burial?

A

at Artpark in Lewiston, NY

288
Q

What is Artpark?

A

an outdoor space for site–based artwork

289
Q

Where is Artpark?

A

in Lewiston, NY

290
Q

How was the rice in the second iteration of Denes’ Rice/Tree/Burial different from the original?

A

the second one was planted on a half–acre of land, but its growth was affected by mutations due to contaminants in the soil

291
Q

What caused the contaminants in the soil at Artpark?

A

its close proximity to Love Canal, an abandoned waterway off the Niagara River in Niagara Falls

292
Q

Which company dumped 21,000 tons of toxins into the Love Canal?

A

the Hooker Chemical Company

293
Q

What is the current name of the Hooker Chemical Company?

A

the Occidental Petroleum Company

294
Q

When did the HCC dump the 21,000 tons of chemicals into the Love Canal?

A

the mid–20th century

295
Q

In the second iteration of Rice/Tree/Burial, what was buried in place of a poem?

A

a time capsule

296
Q

When is the time capsule buried in the second iteration of Rice/Tree/Burial supposed to be opened?

A

the year 2979

297
Q

What did Denes encase her time capsule used in the second iteration of Rice/Tree/Burial in?

A

9 feet of concrete

298
Q

What was Denes’ next major project after the second iteration of Rice/Tree/Burial?

A

Wheatfield–A Confrontation

299
Q

What is Wheatfield most widely remembered for?

A

its largest work, where Denes grew 2 acres of wheat in Lower Manhattan

300
Q

Where was the location of Denes’ wheat field used in Wheatfield?

A

Lower Manhattan, beneath the Twin Towers, near Wall Street, and in view of the Statue of Liberty

301
Q

What was the land used in Wheatfield before Denes planted wheat on it?

A

a landfill, specifically the Battery Park Landfill

302
Q

When did Denes harvest her wheat crop which she planted for Wheatfield?

A

August of 1982

303
Q

What happened to the plot of land Denes used for Wheatfield after she harvested her crop?

A

It was plowed to build high–end real estate

304
Q

How many cities did the harvested wheat from Wheatfield travel to?

A

28 cities

305
Q

How much money was the plot of land that was used in Wheatfield worth?

A

$4.5 billion

306
Q

What was the most ambitious of Denes’ works created after Wheatfield?

A

Tree Mountain

307
Q

When was Tree Mountain originally conceived?

A

in 1982

308
Q

How long did it take Denes to find the funds for Tree Mountain?

A

10 years

309
Q

Who sponsored Tree Mountain?

A

the government of Finland in 1992

310
Q

How many trees were planned to be planted in Tree Mountain with how many people?

A

10,000 trees planted by 10,000 people

311
Q

How many trees were planted by how many people in Tree Mountain?

A

11,000 trees planted by 11,000 people

312
Q

Where did the Finnish government announce they were going to sponsor Denes’ Tree Mountain?

A

the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro

313
Q

Where was Noah Purifoy born?

A

Snow Hill, Alabama

314
Q

When was Noah Purifoy born?

A

1917

315
Q

When did Noah Purifoy die?

A

2004

316
Q

Noah Purifoy was the 12th of how many children?

A

13

317
Q

Where did Purifoy receive his social science degree from?

A

Alabama State Teachers College

318
Q

Where did Purifoy receive his master’s degree from?

A

Atlanta University

319
Q

When did Purifoy receive his master’s degree?

A

in the 1940s

320
Q

What did Purifoy have a master’s degree in?

A

social work

321
Q

Where did Purifoy get his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree?

A

the Chouinard Art Institute

322
Q

When did Purifoy get his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree?

A

1956

323
Q

How did Purifoy begin his art career?

A

with design objects, such as stereo cabinets, beds, wall decorations, etc

324
Q

Why did Purifoy, and many other African–American artists, begin his art career with design objects?

A

because art galleries in LA were not open to showing Black artists

325
Q

When did Purifoy co–found the Watts Towers Arts Center?

A

1964

326
Q

What was the Watts Towers Arts Center named after?

A

the artwork made in the LA neighborhood of Watts by Simon Rodia

327
Q

Who created 66 Signs of Neon?

A

Noah Purifoy

328
Q

What does 66 Signs of Neon feature?

A

junk art around America

329
Q

66 Signs of Neon arose as a response to what?

A

the August 1965 Watts Rebellion

330
Q

What was the August 1965 Watts Rebellion?

A

a period of 6 days where the community of Watts took to the streets in response to discriminatory police violence

331
Q

The Watts neighborhood is primarily which minority?

A

it is mostly Black

332
Q

Where is the Watts neighborhood?

A

directly south of downtown LA

333
Q

How many deaths/injuries did the August 1965 Watts Rebellion result in?

A

34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries

334
Q

How many arrests did the August 1965 Watts Rebellion cause?

A

4,000

335
Q

How many buildings were damaged in the August 1965 Watts Rebellion?

A

roughly 1,000

336
Q

After the August 1965 Watts Rebellion, who did Purifoy work with to organize an exhibition of sculptures made from the found refuse?

A

Judson Powell

337
Q

In 1966, Purifoy left the Watts Towers Arts Center to teach where?

A

California colleges and unviersities

338
Q

When did Purifoy transition to arts administration as a member of the California Arts Council?

A

in the 1970s

339
Q

Purifoy created many programs while on the Council. What did the Artists in Social Institutions program do?

A

it brought art into California’s state prison system

340
Q

When did Purifoy move to Joshua Tree, CA?

A

in 1989

341
Q

Joshua Tree, CA is in which desert?

A

the Mojave Desert

342
Q

Why did Purifoy move to Joshua Tree?

A

to begin creating outdoor works of art

343
Q

How long did Purifoy make outdoor works of art in Joshua Tree before he died?

A

15 years

344
Q

When Purifoy moved to the Mojave Desert, he wanted to commit to a life in what?

A

a life in poverty

345
Q

What is featured in the piece Offshore Drilling?

A

a complex tangle of rusted scrap metal that is bolted and fastened together

346
Q

Where did the famous oil spill in 1969 occur?

A

off the coast of Santa Barbara

347
Q

The distribution of wealth, increases in industrial production, and the expansion of urban infrastructure that results from oil extraction disproportionately benefit people of which communities?

A

people of wealthy communities

348
Q

How do industrial production and infrastructure affect poor communities and their residents?

A

it tends to pollute poorer neighborhoods and disrupt their communities

349
Q

Offshore Drilling is located beside which sculpture?

A

an all–white sculpture named Ode to Frank Gehry

350
Q

Who is Ode to Frank Gehry named after?

A

an LA architect whose buildings define the image of cities all over the world, Frank Gehry

351
Q

Where was Subhankar Banerjee born?

A

Calcutta, India

352
Q

When was Subhankar Banerjee born?

A

1967

353
Q

What did Subhankar Banerjee study in India before moving to the US?

A

electrical engineering

354
Q

When did Subhankar Banerjee move to the US?

A

1990

355
Q

Where did Subhankar Banerjee get his master’s degree in physics and computer science?

A

New Mexico State University

356
Q

In 2000, a career in what field did Subhankar Banerjee move towards?

A

a career in visual arts

357
Q

Subhankar Banerjee cashed out all his life savings and quit his job at Boeing to do what?

A

move to ANWR in Alaska to live and work as a photographer, photographing the environment and the organisms there

358
Q

When was ANWR established?

A

1960

359
Q

How many acres does ANWR cover?

A

roughly 20 million acres

360
Q

What part of ANWR does not have as much protection?

A

a small strip along the Beaufort Sea

361
Q

Which president in particular fought a pro-drilling campaign in ANWR?

A

President George W. Bush in the early 2000s

362
Q

Which Alaska Senator was pushing for drilling in ANWR?

A

Senator Frank Murkowski

363
Q

During debates about drilling in ANWR, which one of Banerjee’s books was used as photographic evidence to not drill there?

A

the book Arctic Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land

364
Q

Which US Senator used Banarjee’s books to help her argument on not drilling in ANWR?

A

Senator Barbara Boxer

364
Q

When did the DOI open 1.5 million acres of ANWR to the oil and gas industry?

A

August 17, 2020

365
Q

How many acres of ANWR were opened to the oil and gas industry to be used for drilling?

A

1.5 million acres

366
Q

On President Biden’s first day of office, what executive order did he pass on ANWR?

A

it was to place a moratorium on oil and gas extraction in ANWR

367
Q

Caribou Migration I is part of which project by Banarjee?

A

the project Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

368
Q

What does Caribou Migration I depict?

A

it depicts a herd of caribou crossing a landscape of snow patches and ice

369
Q

The Indigenous Gwinch’in people depend on what animal as a key food source?

A

caribou

370
Q

How did the Gwinch’in people react to the protections on the land in Alaska by the Biden Administration?

A

they were happy and applauded them

371
Q

According to the chief of the Gwinch’in people, they will not stop their work until what happens?

A

their lands are permanently protected through legislation

372
Q

Where was Vik Muniz born?

A

Sao Paulo, Brazil

373
Q

When was Vik Muniz born?

A

1961

374
Q

What is Muniz’s profession?

A

he is an artist and photographer

375
Q

In which two places has Muniz practiced his career?

A

Rio de Janeiro and NYC

376
Q

Where did Muniz initially work after highschool? (in what industry)

A

he worked in advertising

377
Q

Where did Muniz go to high school?

A

Brazil

378
Q

How old was Muniz when he moved to the US?

A

he was in his early 20s

379
Q

What did Muniz do before establishing his first career?

A

he worked odd jobs in Chicago and NY

380
Q

What was Muniz’s first career?

A

he was a sculptor

381
Q

What is Muniz best known for doing?

A

recreating famous photographs and artworks using unexpected materials

382
Q

In 1999, Muniz recreated the Mona Lisa using what?

A

peanut butter and jelly

383
Q

What did Muniz name his recreation of the Mona Lisa?

A

Double Mona Lisa (Peanut Butter and Jelly)

384
Q

How did Muniz arrange the peanut butter and jelly in his recreation of the Mona Lisa?

A

he used peanut butter on the right side and jelly on the left side

385
Q

The piece Double Mona Lisa is part of a larger series titled what?

A

“Little Warhol”

386
Q

What is included in “The Best of Life” series by Muniz?

A

sketches Muniz would make from his memory of the Life magazine

387
Q

Who made “Marat”?

A

Vik Muniz

388
Q

“Marat” is part of which series?

A

“Pictures of Garbage”

389
Q

In 2008, Muniz began a collaboration with whom to photograph the pickers in poses of famous artworks using trash?

A

garbage workers in Jardim Gramacho

390
Q

Jardim Gramacho is located near which city?

A

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

391
Q

Muniz’s process at Jardim Gramacho was documented in which film?

A

“Waste Land” by Lucy Walker

392
Q

When was “Waste Land” released?

A

2010

393
Q

Who are catadores?

A

impoverished garbage pickers

394
Q

How do catadores affect the reclaiming of trash in Brazil?

A

they often go through the garbage and see what they can use, reclaiming and reusing the material

395
Q

Who is the man depicted in “Marat”?

A

Tiao Santos

396
Q

In “Marat”, Santos is posed as whom?

A

the manner of the French painter Jacques-Louis David’s “Death of Marat”

397
Q

When was “Death of Marat” made?

A

1793

398
Q

What is “Death of Marat” a painting of?

A

a dramatized murder of revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat in his bathtub

399
Q

When Muniz sold his “Pictures of Garbage” collection at an auction, who did he give a portion of the profit to?

A

the catadores in Brazil

400
Q

According to Muniz, why does he want to step away from the realm of Fine Arts?

A

because it is a very exclusive and a very restrictive place to be