Finals Study Review (test 2) Flashcards
Adolescent Growth Spurt
The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty.
Puberty
The biological changes of adolescence.
Menarche
The time of first menstruation, one of the important changes to occur among females during puberty.
Emotions (changes in)
– Mood and behavior changes are strongest in early puberty; when new and increased hormone levels are increasing.
– irritability and aggression in boys
– depression in girls
– important changes take place around the time of puberty in regions of the brains that play major roles in the processing of emotions, social information, and rewards.
Sexual activity (trends)
Adolescents first experience with sex is typically alone (masturbation)
By high school, most teens have made the transition to sexual activity with someone else.
Holding hands, kissing, making out, feeling breasts through clothes, feeling breasts under clothes, feeling penis through clothes, feeling penis under clothes or naked, feeling a vagina through clothes, feeling a vagina under clothes or while naked, then sex or oral sex.
Over time, slightly fewer teens are having sex, but the ones who do do it at a younger age.
People of different ethnicities have sex at different ages.
Early and late menstruation
The 2 most important environmental influences on pubertal maturation are nutrition and health.
Puberty occurs earlier among individuals who are better nourished throughout their prenatal, infant, and childhood years.
Secular Trend: over the past 2 centuries, people are larger in stature and reach puberty earlier; mostly because of the improvements in health and nutrition.
Early viruses late maturation among boys/ girls (337/338)
Disordered Eating (bulimia, obesity, anorexia nervosa) - understand the difference
Patterns of unhealthy eating attitudes and behaviors.
Bulimia: An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized primarily by a pattern of binge eating and self-induced vomiting.
Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss.
Obesity: Determined body mass index. Children in the 95th percentile or higher (for their age and sex) are considered obese. Children between the 85th and the 94th percentile are classed as overweight.
Contraceptive use
Most popular contraceptive is a condom, followed by the pill.
Studies show that a large proportion of condom users do not use condoms correctly.
Some girls do not use birth control because their partner did not want them to, or because they did not want to admit that they have sexual relations with someone else.
Sex Education
Many adolescents receive sex education in a school setting. These school-based programs show to have no effect on sexual activity, but do have an effect on contraceptive use.
Most school-based programs fail because they emphasize the biological factors of sex rather than emotional.
School-based programs don’t encourage people not to have sex, they just inform them of risks.
Abstinence is still persuaded.
Binge Drinking
Consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse.
Substance abuse (include risk factors, prevention, and treatment of)
The misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individuals life.
Risk Factors: psychological, familial, social, and contextual.
Prevention: Efforts to prevent substance abuse focus on 3 main factors - the supply of drugs, the environment in which teenagers may be exposed to drugs, and characteristics of the potential drug user. Raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes reduces the chance of teens buying them. Intervention programs.
Treatment:
Piaget’s view of adolescent thinking and stage
Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7-11, children make giant strides in their ability to organize idea and think logically, but where their logical reasoning is limited to real objects and actual experiences and events.
Hallmarks of the period are Classification, class inclusion, seriation, transitive interference, and reversibility.
These cognitive operation allow children to perform conservation tasks and formal mathematics.
He believed that concrete operational thinking is a natural outgrowth of children opportunities to manipulate materials and objects.
Formal schooling encourages concrete operational thinking.
Deductive reasoning
A type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set or premises, or givens.
Hypothetical thinking
Thinking that is based on what is possible, and not just what is real; sometimes referred to as “if-then” reasoning.
Metacognition
The ability to monitor and regulate ones own cognitive processes.
Adolescent egocentrism
The tendency for adolescents to be extremely self-absorbed, thought to result from advances in thinking abilities.
Intrinsic motivation vs. Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task.
Extrinsic Motivation: Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance.
Eriksons Stage
Industry vs. inferiority: Erikson’s 4th stage of psychosocial development in which which children develop a view of themselves as industrious (and worthy) versus inferior. Striving for recognition for their accomplishments, childcare develop skills and perform tasks that their society values.
Identity Vs Identity diffusion
According to Erikson, the normative crisis characteristic of the fifth state of psychosocial development, predominant during adolescence, during which a coherent and unique sense of self is formed.
Identity status
The point in the identity development process that characterizes an adolescent at a given time.
Family Relationships (with parents, siblings)
Family context is still central in middle childhood.
Parents: Child influences parent; parent influences child. In middle childhood, families shift from parental control to co-regulation. Parents establish rules and supervise, but leave daily tasks up to children. Child keeps parent informed on plans. Direct commands typically decrease. Children are more likely to argue, sulk, or give silent treatment. Begin to solve problems together.
Siblings: Some sibling pairs are affectionate, cooperative, and supportive; others are irritating, hostile, and aggressive; some ignore one another; many are in between cooperative and antagonistic. Temperament affects this. Gender and age makes a difference. Girls are more intimate, boys consider “close” as doing things together. Girls consider “close” by sharing secrets with each other.
Peer Relationships (cliques, peer pressure, popularity and rejections, sex differences)
Peer groups are less closely supervised by adults now and occur in more varied settings, including schools, playgrounds, churches, shopping malls, and skating rinks. Socializing and playing competitive games increases. Multiperspective-taking. Friendships are defined by reciprocity and mutuality. (316)
Cliques: voluntary, friendship-based peer networks, generally of the same sex and age. typically same age and gender. (318)
Peer pressure: influence from members of ones peer group.
Popularity: popular children receive many positive nomination and few negative nominations. They are successful at joining groups of other children on the playgroup because they focus on the activity rather than drawing attention to themselves. Good at recognizing emotions, knowing their own feelings, and knowing why they or someone else feels a certain way. (317)
rejections: receive few positive nominations and many negative nominations. Poor communication skills. low academic achievement. Many are aggressive. Reputations for spoiling games with disruptive behavior, negative behavior and physical aggression. troublemakers. Some rejected children are withdrawn. Keep to themselves. developmental outcomes are worrisome: later problems at school, being held back, truancy, dropping out. Withdrawn rejected children are at risk for internalizing problems. (317)
Sex differences: Boys at this age are usually more “rough and tumble” (chasing and wrestling); Girls are usually on the sidelines laughing and talking
Dating and Romantic Relationships (impact on development)
Early and intensive dating: has somewhat of a stunting effect on psychosocial development; associated with increased alcohol use, delinquency, and sexual activity. Girls are expected to date earlier. (389)
Externalizing Problem
Psychosocial problems that are manifested in outward symptoms, such as an aggression or noncompliance.
Internalizing problem
Psychosocial problems that are manifested in inward symptoms, such as depression and anxiety.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A condition in which children have difficulty getting organized, focusing on a task, or thinking before acting.
Depression (including sex differences, suicide, suicidal ideation)
A condition in which people experience the following symptoms for 2 weeks or longer: a depressed mood and loss of interest in their usual activities, along with their symptoms (feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, fatigue, psychomotor agitation or retardation, sleep problems, weight change, and suicidal thoughts).
Sex Differences: Before adolescence, boys are more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms than girls, but after puberty it is reverse. From early adolescents until very late in adulthood, 2x as many females as males suffer from depressive disorder. Psychologists do not have a certain explanation for the sex differences in depression. Early adolescents is more stressful for girls than boys. The emergence of sex differences is depression seems to have something to do with the social role that the adolescent girl might find herself in as she enters the world of boy-girl relationships. Girls are more likely than boys to react to stress by turning their feelings inward; boys turn outward. (397)
Suicide: Most common method is with firearm, followed by hanging. Drug overdoses are common as well as carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk factors: having a psychiatric problem (especially depression or substance abuse), history of suicide in the family, being under stress, experiencing parental rejection, family disruption, or extensive family conflict. (398)
Suicidal Ideation: Thinking about ending ones life. Occurs during adolescents, peaks around age 15. (398)
Criteria for mate selection
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Sexuality
capacity for sexual feelings; a person’s sexual orientation or preference.
Sexual Orientation
a person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Conflict and Dating Violence-Warning Sings
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Cohabitation
Living together in an intimate relationship outside of the context of marriage.
Intimacy
close familiarity or friendship; closeness; an intimate act, especially sexual intercourse.
Reasons for relationship problems
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Three Major Periods of Adulthood - what are they?
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Emerging Adulthood
The period of transition from adolescence to adulthood (18 to 25) in which the individual begins to establish independence from parents and to assume adult roles.
