Finals: Module 1 Flashcards
described as a ‘Velcro
construct’
Optimism
In the early days of philosophy and psychology, optimism was thought of as superficial ____ of suffering.
denial
in what year mental health was defined as
‘reality testing’
1930’s and the 1960’s
Balanced view of the world.
‘reality testing’
necessary component for resilient and happy
individuals.
optimism
two types of dispositional optimism.
Expectancy and Confidence
OPTIMISM’S TWO MAIN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
A. DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM
B. ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE
personality trait relating to generalized outcome
expectancies.
DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM
- most crucial element of dispositional optimism
- behaviours are results of the desire to obtain a person’s values or goals.
Expectancy
one explains the causes and influences of previous positive and negative events
ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE
- highly influential on optimism.
- if this ____ is high that the goal can be achieved, then the person is more likely to act.
Confidence
Internal, Stable, Global
Pessimist
attributions for ____ events are more important than those for positive events.
negative
External, Unstable, Local
Optimist
Also called the “positivity bias”.
- tendency of people to remember pleasant
items more accurately than unpleasant ones.
POLLYANNA PRINCIPLE
Subconsciously, mind focus on _____.
Consciously, mind focus on ____.
optimistic, negative
The key to learned optimism is
reframing.
concerned with the question of why good and bad
Attributional style
focuses on what will
probably happen in the future.
Dispositional optimism
ABC’S
Adversity, Belief, Consequence
non-judgmental facts of the situation (who, what,
where, when) How did you react?
Adversity
Immediate patterned belief (why it happened, what will happen next)
Belief
pessimists way of coping
avoidant
exaggerated belief in one’s capacity to control independent, external events or the better that
the average effect.
Unrealistic optimism
- belief that most people are biased towards viewing themselves in an
optimistic way. - enduring patterns of beliefs about self, world and future.
Positive illusions
based on the ability to think of, and plan, for the worst- case scenario of a situation;
Defensive pessimism
are used to manage ‘negative information’
Self-deceptive strategies
- person’s self-assessment of their ability to exert control
- degree to which people believe that they have
control over the outcome of events in their lives.
LOCUS OF CONTROL
- Also known as wishful thinking
- viewing themselves below average for such occurrences as cancer, heart disease, failure and heartbreak
UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM
cognitive strategy to set low expectations for upcoming performance, despite having performed well in previous similar situations
Defensive pessimism
- This will allow you to avoid ‘wishful thinking’
- realistically assessing the likelihood of positive and negative outcomes in any given situation.
positive realism or flexible optimism
THREE ‘SELVES’ IN OPTIMISM
- SELF-CONFIDENCE
- SELF-EFFICACY
- SELF-ESTEEM
had some nastier, narcissistic connotations, inducing an inflated sense of self
Self-confidence
Being certain in
your own abilities . . . and about having trust in
people, plans or the future’
Self-confidence
‘the belief” a person has that they can reach their
goals or a desired outcome’
Self-efficacy
“The power of I can”.
Self-efficacy
one of the core features of agency and is
expressed in the concept of self-efficacy
Self-reflection
- we can develop self-efficacy via ________,
- which is imagining ourselves or others behaving effectively in hypothetical situations.
imaginal experiences
‘totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings with reference to himself as an object.’
SELF-ESTEEM
the determination to achieve goals (agency)
plus the belief that many pathways can be generated.
Hope
