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Positive Psychology > Finals: Module 1 > Flashcards

Finals: Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

described as a ‘Velcro
construct’

A

Optimism

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2
Q

In the early days of philosophy and psychology, optimism was thought of as superficial ____ of suffering.

A

denial

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2
Q

in what year mental health was defined as
‘reality testing’

A

1930’s and the 1960’s

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2
Q

Balanced view of the world.

A

‘reality testing’

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2
Q

necessary component for resilient and happy
individuals.

A

optimism

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3
Q

two types of dispositional optimism.

A

Expectancy and Confidence

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3
Q

OPTIMISM’S TWO MAIN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

A

A. DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM
B. ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE

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4
Q

personality trait relating to generalized outcome
expectancies.

A

DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM

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5
Q
  • most crucial element of dispositional optimism
  • behaviours are results of the desire to obtain a person’s values or goals.
A

Expectancy

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6
Q

one explains the causes and influences of previous positive and negative events

A

ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE

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7
Q
  • highly influential on optimism.
  • if this ____ is high that the goal can be achieved, then the person is more likely to act.
A

Confidence

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8
Q

Internal, Stable, Global

A

Pessimist

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9
Q

attributions for ____ events are more important than those for positive events.

A

negative

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10
Q

External, Unstable, Local

A

Optimist

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11
Q

Also called the “positivity bias”.
- tendency of people to remember pleasant
items more accurately than unpleasant ones.

A

POLLYANNA PRINCIPLE

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12
Q

Subconsciously, mind focus on _____.
Consciously, mind focus on ____.

A

optimistic, negative

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13
Q

The key to learned optimism is

A

reframing.

13
Q

concerned with the question of why good and bad

A

Attributional style

13
Q

focuses on what will
probably happen in the future.

A

Dispositional optimism

13
Q

ABC’S

A

Adversity, Belief, Consequence

14
Q

non-judgmental facts of the situation (who, what,
where, when) How did you react?

A

Adversity

15
Q

Immediate patterned belief (why it happened, what will happen next)

A

Belief

16
Q

pessimists way of coping

A

avoidant

17
Q

exaggerated belief in one’s capacity to control independent, external events or the better that
the average effect.

A

Unrealistic optimism

18
Q
  • belief that most people are biased towards viewing themselves in an
    optimistic way.
  • enduring patterns of beliefs about self, world and future.
A

Positive illusions

19
Q

based on the ability to think of, and plan, for the worst- case scenario of a situation;

A

Defensive pessimism

19
Q

are used to manage ‘negative information’

A

Self-deceptive strategies

19
Q
  • person’s self-assessment of their ability to exert control
  • degree to which people believe that they have
    control over the outcome of events in their lives.
A

LOCUS OF CONTROL

19
Q
  • Also known as wishful thinking
  • viewing themselves below average for such occurrences as cancer, heart disease, failure and heartbreak
A

UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM

20
Q

cognitive strategy to set low expectations for upcoming performance, despite having performed well in previous similar situations

A

Defensive pessimism

21
Q
  • This will allow you to avoid ‘wishful thinking’
  • realistically assessing the likelihood of positive and negative outcomes in any given situation.
A

positive realism or flexible optimism

22
Q

THREE ‘SELVES’ IN OPTIMISM

A
  • SELF-CONFIDENCE
  • SELF-EFFICACY
  • SELF-ESTEEM
23
Q

had some nastier, narcissistic connotations, inducing an inflated sense of self

A

Self-confidence

23
Q

Being certain in
your own abilities . . . and about having trust in
people, plans or the future’

A

Self-confidence

24
Q

‘the belief” a person has that they can reach their
goals or a desired outcome’

A

Self-efficacy

25
Q

“The power of I can”.

A

Self-efficacy

26
Q

one of the core features of agency and is
expressed in the concept of self-efficacy

A

Self-reflection

27
Q
  • we can develop self-efficacy via ________,
  • which is imagining ourselves or others behaving effectively in hypothetical situations.
A

imaginal experiences

28
Q

‘totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings with reference to himself as an object.’

A

SELF-ESTEEM

29
Q

the determination to achieve goals (agency)
plus the belief that many pathways can be generated.

A

Hope

Positive Psychology (5 decks)

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