finals except life is meaningless and i hallucinated a baby in the grocery store Flashcards
what wavelengths can we see, why
400-700. because earth’s atmosphere is most transparent to these wavelengths
what are extraspectral colors
purple and white. mix of wavelengths (e.g. purple is when 2 or more wavelengths affect red and blue cones more than green cones
what are the percentages of cone
63% red, 31% green, 6% blue
what colors do rodes (rhodopsin) prefer to see
blue-green
what is a r+g ganglion cell
excited by red light and by green light, aka yellow channel
r-g, g-r ganglion cell
activated by red light, inhibited by green., and vice versa. red-green opponent channel
b-(r+g) ganglion cell
blue-yellow opponent channel
explanation for afterimages
opponent channels. if you stare at something, your cells (e.g. g-r) gradually fatigue. when you look away, only the less fatigued ones are visible (e.g. r-g)
daltonism
red-green colorblindness. red and green cone visual pigments lie on x-chromosomes. 95% of all variations in color vision.
why are women rarely color blind
women are rarely color blind because if one x-chromosome codes a faulty pigment then the other x-chromosome compensates.
how could a woman become a tetrachromat
if 2 x-chromosomes code for 2 different functional red cone pigments
reflectance
intrinsic color of a surface, the tendency to reflect certain wavelengths and absorb others
color constancy
ability to infer reflectance in different light
chevreul illusions for color and brightness
different hues and different saturations -> look redder when close to low saturation and different hues
external ear
pinna, ear canal, sealed at the end by tympanic membrane aka eardrum
middle ear
air filled space behind eardrum connected to pharynx by eustachian tube
inner ear
cochlea for hearing, vestibular apparatus for equilibrium
sound waves and molecule density
at the peak of the waves the molecules are crowded together and pressure is high. vice versa
Frequency is percieved as
pitch. low freq-> low pitch
Unit of frequency
waves/sec (hz)
human hearing range, best acurity
16-20,000hz. around 10 octaves. best hearing around 1000-3000 hz
what does loudness depend on
frequency (needs to be within hearing range) and amplitude
middle ear small bones (ossicles)
eardrum hits the malleus, moving the incus, and then the stapes, pushing the oval window. act as a lever system, these 3 bones are the smallest in the body
where does the oval window lead
cochlea