FINALS: biochemical analysis

Question 1

O2 carrying molecule found in muscle that is similar to hemoglobin (you retain O2 in muscle as you exercise)

Answer 1

myoglobin

Question 2

myglobin is detected by the blood test pad as ____ and gives urine a _____ color

Answer 2

• hemoglobin

- dark brown to black color

Question 3

this shows up when significant muscle damage occurs

Answer 3

myoblobinuria

Question 4

this is seen in blood when fat is metabolized for energy when carbohydrates are not available

Answer 4

ketones

Question 5

ketonuria occurs with (4):

Answer 5

• diabetes mellitus
• pregnancy
• toxemia/ketosis
• starvation/fasting

Question 6

bile pigments are derived from

- 2 products

Answer 6

the breakdown of hemoglobin

- bilirubin and urobilinogen

Question 7

bilirubinuria can be due to (3)

Answer 7

• RBC destruction
• hepatocellular destruction (bilirubin isn’t being conjugated or eliminated from the bloodstream)
• bile duct obstruction

Question 8

small quantities of bilirubin can be detected in normal ____

Answer 8

dogs

Question 9

this is unstable in urine samples

Answer 9

bilirubin

Question 10

method of collection can affect urine ____ level

- example?

Answer 10

protein

- catheter = higher

Question 11

this usually indicates disease of the urinary system

1. kidney damage, usually at the glomerulus
2. urinary tract inflammation

Answer 11

proteinuria

Question 12

proteinuria usually indicates (disease of the urinary system) (2):

Answer 12

1. kidney damage, usually at the glomerulus

2. urinary tract inflammation

Question 13

kidney damage causing proteinuria is usually located where?

Answer 13

glomerulus

Question 14

urine protein may be falsely INCREASED if:

Answer 14

urine has prolonged contact with the test pad on the dipstick

Question 15

glucosuria occurs when blood glucose is:

Answer 15

Dog: > 170-180 mg/dl
Cat: > 260-310 mg/dl

Question 16

normal blood glucose for dogs and cats:

Answer 16

90-110 mg/dl

Question 17

glucosuria is associated with (3):

Answer 17

• diabetes mellitus
• stress/excitement
• high carbohydrate meal

Question 18

urine glucose may be falsely DECREASED in:

- why?

Answer 18

refrigerated urine

- bacteria is using glucose

Question 19

hematuria can be due to (6)

Answer 19

• bacterial UTI
• urolithiasis
• interstitial cystitis (inflammation between cells)
• neoplasia
• renal disease
• trauma

Question 20

these two are detected by the same pad

Answer 20

RBCs and hemoglobin

Question 21

color of urine can be abnormal - whole RBCs and hemoglobin both cause it to be ___ in color

Answer 21

wine, brown, or cloudy red

Question 22

the urine’s abnormal color (should/should not) disappear after centrifuge with hematuria

Answer 22

should disappear - whole RBCs are easily separated

Question 23

hemoglobin (is/is not) normally present in urine

Answer 23

is not

Question 24

hemoglobinuria occurs with

Answer 24

massive RBC destruction

Question 25

RBC destruction can be caused by (2)

Answer 25

• autoimmune hemolytic anemia

- blood transfusion incompatibility

Question 26

the urine’s abnormal color (should/should not) change after centrifuge with hemoglobinuria

Answer 26

should not change - they’re tiny bits, not whole cells

Question 27

what is urine pH?

Answer 27

the measure of H+ concentration in urine

Question 28

abnormally low pH is associated with (3):

Answer 28

1. hypOventilation (not enough O2)
2. starvation/fasting
3. prolonged vomiting/diarrhea (loss of bodily fluids)

Question 29

abnormally high pH is associated with (3):

Answer 29

1. hypERventilation
2. bacterial UTI
3. postprandial sample

Question 30

pH may be falsely INCREASED if:

- why?

Answer 30

urine is left out at room temperature for a long time before analysis
- bacteria are growing

Question 31

increased levels of nitrite are supposed to indicate

Answer 31

bacterial UTI

Question 32

testing for ____ is not a reliable test for dogs and cats, it’s used mostly for humans

Answer 32

nitrite