FINALS: biochemical analysis Flashcards
O2 carrying molecule found in muscle that is similar to hemoglobin (you retain O2 in muscle as you exercise)
myoglobin
myglobin is detected by the blood test pad as ____ and gives urine a _____ color
- hemoglobin
- dark brown to black color
this shows up when significant muscle damage occurs
myoblobinuria
this is seen in blood when fat is metabolized for energy when carbohydrates are not available
ketones
ketonuria occurs with (4):
- diabetes mellitus
- pregnancy
- toxemia/ketosis
- starvation/fasting
bile pigments are derived from
- 2 products
the breakdown of hemoglobin
- bilirubin and urobilinogen
bilirubinuria can be due to (3)
- RBC destruction
- hepatocellular destruction (bilirubin isn’t being conjugated or eliminated from the bloodstream)
- bile duct obstruction
small quantities of bilirubin can be detected in normal ____
dogs
this is unstable in urine samples
bilirubin
method of collection can affect urine ____ level
- example?
protein
- catheter = higher
this usually indicates disease of the urinary system
- kidney damage, usually at the glomerulus
- urinary tract inflammation
proteinuria
proteinuria usually indicates (disease of the urinary system) (2):
- kidney damage, usually at the glomerulus
2. urinary tract inflammation
kidney damage causing proteinuria is usually located where?
glomerulus
urine protein may be falsely INCREASED if:
urine has prolonged contact with the test pad on the dipstick
glucosuria occurs when blood glucose is:
Dog: > 170-180 mg/dl
Cat: > 260-310 mg/dl
normal blood glucose for dogs and cats:
90-110 mg/dl
glucosuria is associated with (3):
- diabetes mellitus
- stress/excitement
- high carbohydrate meal
urine glucose may be falsely DECREASED in:
- why?
refrigerated urine
- bacteria is using glucose
hematuria can be due to (6)
- bacterial UTI
- urolithiasis
- interstitial cystitis (inflammation between cells)
- neoplasia
- renal disease
- trauma
these two are detected by the same pad
RBCs and hemoglobin
color of urine can be abnormal - whole RBCs and hemoglobin both cause it to be ___ in color
wine, brown, or cloudy red
the urine’s abnormal color (should/should not) disappear after centrifuge with hematuria
should disappear - whole RBCs are easily separated
hemoglobin (is/is not) normally present in urine
is not
hemoglobinuria occurs with
massive RBC destruction
RBC destruction can be caused by (2)
- autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- blood transfusion incompatibility
the urine’s abnormal color (should/should not) change after centrifuge with hemoglobinuria
should not change - they’re tiny bits, not whole cells
what is urine pH?
the measure of H+ concentration in urine
abnormally low pH is associated with (3):
- hypOventilation (not enough O2)
- starvation/fasting
- prolonged vomiting/diarrhea (loss of bodily fluids)
abnormally high pH is associated with (3):
- hypERventilation
- bacterial UTI
- postprandial sample
pH may be falsely INCREASED if:
- why?
urine is left out at room temperature for a long time before analysis
- bacteria are growing
increased levels of nitrite are supposed to indicate
bacterial UTI
testing for ____ is not a reliable test for dogs and cats, it’s used mostly for humans
nitrite
