Finals Flashcards
Constitutional Monarchy
Monarch whose power is defined and limited by law
Westernization
Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
Edict of Nantes
Religious toleration/Town fortification signed by Henry VI
Divine Right
Belief that authority to rule came directly from God
Bourbon Dynasty
France
Stuart Dynasty
Britain (and Scotland) Only ruling family on good terms with Parliament
Hohenzollern
Prussian Dynasty
Hapsburg
Austria-Hungary, emerged after 30 Years War
Romanov
Russian Dyansty
Life Under Queen Elizabeth
Protestant country, against Spain, worked with parliament, well-liked ruler
Why did Stuart Kings have problems with parliament?
Fought over $, foreign policy, religion
Stuart’s kept dissolving/calling them
Made king sign petition of rights
What caused English Civil War?
Charles I(Cavilers) VS Parliament (Roundheads)
Religion mostly, also money and monarch’s dissolving parliaments
What changes Cromwell make in England?
Crushed catholic opposition
Sunday for worshipping
Education for all
Marriage for love
Jews welcomed back
Why was Louis XVI known as sun king?
Sun is center of solar system and king is the center of the nation
Improvements Louis XVI made to France…
Expanded bureaucracy
Strengthened army
Made France a wealthy nation
How did Peter the Great westernize Russia?
Women get rights
Western agriculture
European calendar
Builds up Russian navy
Results of Thirty Years War…
France clear winner/Hapsburg gets nothing
Netherlands and Switzerland gain independence
Hapsburgs look weak
Difficulties Maria Theresa faced as ruler of Austria?
Inherited the throne with little knowledge, country was in debt, constantly threatened, after losing against Prussia she was perceived as weak
Rule of Fredrick the Great
Strong military
Patron of Arts/Enlightened Despot
Rule out of love rather than fear
Define
Englightenent
Intellectual movement, reason and logic above tradition.
Define
Enlightened despot
Absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about social or political change
Define
Separation of powers
Montesquieu
3 branches of government to check themselves
Define
Social contract
Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government to avoid chaos
Beliefs of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes
Locke: People were basically reasonable and moral. Everyone born with natural rights.
Hobbes: People are naturally cruel and evil. Without strict control, chaos would ensue.
How did enlightenment impact American government?
Constitution was created embracing Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau’s ideas
Why were the following people considered enlightened despots?
Fredrick the Great
Maria Theresa
Joseph II
F: King of Prussia, made peasants plant new crops, religious tolerance, recognized civil service, and simplified laws
JII:Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews, ended censorship, brought church under control
MT: Attempted to modernize Austrian government
Define
Bourgeoisie
Middle Class
First Estate
The Clergy
Second Estate
The Nobles
Third Estate
Majority, Middle Class
Napoleonic Code
Embodied enlightenment principles such as equality, toleration, and merit to advance
Define
Scorched Earth policy
Retreating while burning crops and villages as you go
Cause of French Revolution
Too few jobs/low wages
Starvation
High tax
Shit economy
Purpose of Reign of Terror?
Destroy opposition
What reforms did Napoleon create in France?
Redrew map, new plans for each battle, boosted nationalism
Napoleons three major mistakes?
1) Continental System (going against GB)
2) Peninsular War
3) Invasion of Russia
Define
Liberal
Against monarchy, defended natural rights, constitutions, separation of powers BASICALLY MODERN PEOPLE
Define
Conservative
Wanted traditional values
Define
Legitimacy
Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated were restored
Define
Radical
Supporting in extreme matter
Define
Balance of Power
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
Define
Nationalism
Strong feeling of pride in ones country
Define
Industrialization
Society/Country going from agricultural to manufacturing
Define
Communism
All property is publicly owned
Karl Marx
People paid based on skill and needs
Who dominated Congress of Vienna?
Metternich
Results of Congress of Vienna?
French land was distributed amongst European powers
What did Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron” philosophy represent?
Military/War
Who led “Redshirts” in Italian unification movement?
Garibaldi
Why did Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
London
Largest free trade system
New inventions
Ideal geography &le resources
Define
Imperialism
Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country
Define
Militarism
Glorification of war and military
Define
alliance
Formal agreement between 2+ nations to cooperate and come to each other’s defense
Define
Armistice
Agreement to end fighting in a war
Define
Propaganda
Spreading of ideas that promote a certain cause or do damage to an opposing cause
Define
Reparations
Payment for war damages or damages caused by imprisonment
Define
Neutrality
Policy of supporting neither side in a war
Who were the central powers in WWI?
Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Who were Allied Powers in WWI?
GB, Russia, France, Italy
Cause of WWI?
Aggressive Nationalism
Britain felt threatened by Germany’s economic growth
Alliances and general distrust
What event started WWI?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Turning point of WWI?
Russia’s withdrawal from the war
Why did US enter WWI?
Germany was attacking US merchant and passenger ships.
Woodrow Wilson’s plan for lasting peace…
Proclamation of Neutrality/14 Points
Results of Treaty of Versailles
Germany took blame, paid 30 billion, lost overseas empires
Poland, Latvia, and co. Gained independence
Mandate System
Define
Bolsheviks
“Majority”
Revolutionary socialists and Lenin’s supporters
Define
Five-Year Plans
Designed to quickly industrialize Russia
Define
Collectivization
Pooling of land and labor in an attempt to increase efficiency
Define
Proletariat
Growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage?
What factors led to Russian revolution?
Limited reforms, poverty, minimal nationalism, overall regressive society
Why did Russians fear Rasputin?
He had lots of power and acted irrationally and was also a moron
What took place in 1917?
March Revolution because of bread shortage, led to Czar stepping down
Who fought the Russian Civil War?
White Army (Counterrevolutionaries) VS Red Army (Bolsheviks) **they won a
How did Stalin eliminate his enemies in the Soviet Union?
Arrested literally everyone using Soviet Secret police
What policies did Stalin institute in the Soviet Union?
New Economy Policy- People could buy/sell goods
Define
Fascism
Authoritarian and Nationalist government system, they can control people, discipline, blind loyalty and violence
Define
Totalitarian
Dictator in power, propaganda
Define
League of Nations
Organization formed to solve international disagreements, failed.
Define
Aggressor
Person/Country that attacks another
Define
Appeasement
Policy of giving into an aggressor in order to achieve peace
How did Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini create totalitarian states in their countries?
Using fear as motivation
How was Hitler able to rise to power in Germany?
Cause democracy failed (Weimar republic and Inflation)
How did Hitler violate Treaty of Versailles?
Sent troops to the Rhineland
What took place during early stages of WWII?
Hitler seized France
Turning points of WWII?
Italians overthrew Mussolini
Battle of Stalingrad
El Alhem (or something)
How did European and Pacific Wars end?
Euro- Mussolini executed, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders
Pacific- US drops two bombs on Japan until they surrender
How does Cold War begin?
Conflicting ideologies and general distrust
How did US and USSR compete without going to war?
U.S. was democratic, USSR communist.
USSR wouldn’t accept any financial aid
General rivalry since they were strongest powers, led to arms race.
Made desperate alliances.
Why did communism fall in Soviet Union?
USSR went broke and people began revolting
What happened to Yugoslavia in the 1990s?
It fell apart.
Voltaire
He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, I don’t care what you believe but I’ll fight for your right to express it
Ivan the Terrible
Russian Czar, idk he just lost his shit
French Finance
Jean Baptist Colbert
