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Western Civilizations > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

Constitutional Monarchy

A

Monarch whose power is defined and limited by law

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2
Q

Westernization

A

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

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3
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Religious toleration/Town fortification signed by Henry VI

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4
Q

Divine Right

A

Belief that authority to rule came directly from God

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5
Q

Bourbon Dynasty

A

France

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6
Q

Stuart Dynasty

A

Britain (and Scotland) Only ruling family on good terms with Parliament

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7
Q

Hohenzollern

A

Prussian Dynasty

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8
Q

Hapsburg

A

Austria-Hungary, emerged after 30 Years War

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9
Q

Romanov

A

Russian Dyansty

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10
Q

Life Under Queen Elizabeth

A

Protestant country, against Spain, worked with parliament, well-liked ruler

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11
Q

Why did Stuart Kings have problems with parliament?

A

Fought over $, foreign policy, religion

Stuart’s kept dissolving/calling them

Made king sign petition of rights

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12
Q

What caused English Civil War?

A

Charles I(Cavilers) VS Parliament (Roundheads)

Religion mostly, also money and monarch’s dissolving parliaments

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13
Q

What changes Cromwell make in England?

A

Crushed catholic opposition

Sunday for worshipping

Education for all

Marriage for love

Jews welcomed back

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14
Q

Why was Louis XVI known as sun king?

A

Sun is center of solar system and king is the center of the nation

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15
Q

Improvements Louis XVI made to France…

A

Expanded bureaucracy

Strengthened army

Made France a wealthy nation

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16
Q

How did Peter the Great westernize Russia?

A

Women get rights

Western agriculture

European calendar

Builds up Russian navy

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17
Q

Results of Thirty Years War…

A

France clear winner/Hapsburg gets nothing

Netherlands and Switzerland gain independence

Hapsburgs look weak

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18
Q

Difficulties Maria Theresa faced as ruler of Austria?

A

Inherited the throne with little knowledge, country was in debt, constantly threatened, after losing against Prussia she was perceived as weak

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19
Q

Rule of Fredrick the Great

A

Strong military

Patron of Arts/Enlightened Despot

Rule out of love rather than fear

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20
Q

Define

Englightenent

A

Intellectual movement, reason and logic above tradition.

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21
Q

Define

Enlightened despot

A

Absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about social or political change

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22
Q

Define

Separation of powers

A

Montesquieu

3 branches of government to check themselves

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23
Q

Define

Social contract

A

Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government to avoid chaos

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24
Q

Beliefs of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

A

Locke: People were basically reasonable and moral. Everyone born with natural rights.

Hobbes: People are naturally cruel and evil. Without strict control, chaos would ensue.

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25
Q

How did enlightenment impact American government?

A

Constitution was created embracing Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau’s ideas

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26
Q

Why were the following people considered enlightened despots?

Fredrick the Great

Maria Theresa

Joseph II

A

F: King of Prussia, made peasants plant new crops, religious tolerance, recognized civil service, and simplified laws

JII:Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews, ended censorship, brought church under control

MT: Attempted to modernize Austrian government

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27
Q

Define

Bourgeoisie

A

Middle Class

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28
Q

First Estate

A

The Clergy

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29
Q

Second Estate

A

The Nobles

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30
Q

Third Estate

A

Majority, Middle Class

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31
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

Embodied enlightenment principles such as equality, toleration, and merit to advance

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32
Q

Define

Scorched Earth policy

A

Retreating while burning crops and villages as you go

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33
Q

Cause of French Revolution

A

Too few jobs/low wages

Starvation

High tax

Shit economy

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34
Q

Purpose of Reign of Terror?

A

Destroy opposition

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35
Q

What reforms did Napoleon create in France?

A

Redrew map, new plans for each battle, boosted nationalism

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36
Q

Napoleons three major mistakes?

A

1) Continental System (going against GB)
2) Peninsular War
3) Invasion of Russia

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37
Q

Define

Liberal

A

Against monarchy, defended natural rights, constitutions, separation of powers BASICALLY MODERN PEOPLE

38
Q

Define

Conservative

A

Wanted traditional values

39
Q

Define

Legitimacy

A

Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated were restored

40
Q

Define

Radical

A

Supporting in extreme matter

41
Q

Define

Balance of Power

A

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

42
Q

Define

Nationalism

A

Strong feeling of pride in ones country

43
Q

Define

Industrialization

A

Society/Country going from agricultural to manufacturing

44
Q

Define

Communism

A

All property is publicly owned

Karl Marx

People paid based on skill and needs

45
Q

Who dominated Congress of Vienna?

A

Metternich

46
Q

Results of Congress of Vienna?

A

French land was distributed amongst European powers

47
Q

What did Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron” philosophy represent?

A

Military/War

48
Q

Who led “Redshirts” in Italian unification movement?

A

Garibaldi

49
Q

Why did Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

A

London

Largest free trade system

New inventions

Ideal geography &ample resources

50
Q

Define

Imperialism

A

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country

51
Q

Define

Militarism

A

Glorification of war and military

52
Q

Define

alliance

A

Formal agreement between 2+ nations to cooperate and come to each other’s defense

53
Q

Define

Armistice

A

Agreement to end fighting in a war

54
Q

Define

Propaganda

A

Spreading of ideas that promote a certain cause or do damage to an opposing cause

55
Q

Define

Reparations

A

Payment for war damages or damages caused by imprisonment

56
Q

Define

Neutrality

A

Policy of supporting neither side in a war

57
Q

Who were the central powers in WWI?

A

Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire

58
Q

Who were Allied Powers in WWI?

A

GB, Russia, France, Italy

59
Q

Cause of WWI?

A

Aggressive Nationalism

Britain felt threatened by Germany’s economic growth

Alliances and general distrust

60
Q

What event started WWI?

A

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

61
Q

Turning point of WWI?

A

Russia’s withdrawal from the war

62
Q

Why did US enter WWI?

A

Germany was attacking US merchant and passenger ships.

63
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s plan for lasting peace…

A

Proclamation of Neutrality/14 Points

64
Q

Results of Treaty of Versailles

A

Germany took blame, paid 30 billion, lost overseas empires

Poland, Latvia, and co. Gained independence

Mandate System

65
Q

Define

Bolsheviks

A

“Majority”

Revolutionary socialists and Lenin’s supporters

66
Q

Define

Five-Year Plans

A

Designed to quickly industrialize Russia

67
Q

Define

Collectivization

A

Pooling of land and labor in an attempt to increase efficiency

68
Q

Define

Proletariat

A

Growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage?

69
Q

What factors led to Russian revolution?

A

Limited reforms, poverty, minimal nationalism, overall regressive society

70
Q

Why did Russians fear Rasputin?

A

He had lots of power and acted irrationally and was also a moron

71
Q

What took place in 1917?

A

March Revolution because of bread shortage, led to Czar stepping down

72
Q

Who fought the Russian Civil War?

A 
White Army (Counterrevolutionaries) 
VS
Red Army (Bolsheviks) **they won a
73
Q

How did Stalin eliminate his enemies in the Soviet Union?

A

Arrested literally everyone using Soviet Secret police

74
Q

What policies did Stalin institute in the Soviet Union?

A

New Economy Policy- People could buy/sell goods

75
Q

Define

Fascism

A

Authoritarian and Nationalist government system, they can control people, discipline, blind loyalty and violence

76
Q

Define

Totalitarian

A

Dictator in power, propaganda

77
Q

Define

League of Nations

A

Organization formed to solve international disagreements, failed.

78
Q

Define

Aggressor

A

Person/Country that attacks another

79
Q

Define

Appeasement

A

Policy of giving into an aggressor in order to achieve peace

80
Q

How did Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini create totalitarian states in their countries?

A

Using fear as motivation

81
Q

How was Hitler able to rise to power in Germany?

A

Cause democracy failed (Weimar republic and Inflation)

82
Q

How did Hitler violate Treaty of Versailles?

A

Sent troops to the Rhineland

83
Q

What took place during early stages of WWII?

A

Hitler seized France

84
Q

Turning points of WWII?

A

Italians overthrew Mussolini

Battle of Stalingrad

El Alhem (or something)

85
Q

How did European and Pacific Wars end?

A

Euro- Mussolini executed, Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders

Pacific- US drops two bombs on Japan until they surrender

86
Q

How does Cold War begin?

A

Conflicting ideologies and general distrust

87
Q

How did US and USSR compete without going to war?

A

U.S. was democratic, USSR communist.

USSR wouldn’t accept any financial aid

General rivalry since they were strongest powers, led to arms race.

Made desperate alliances.

88
Q

Why did communism fall in Soviet Union?

A

USSR went broke and people began revolting

89
Q

What happened to Yugoslavia in the 1990s?

A

It fell apart.

90
Q

Voltaire

A

He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, I don’t care what you believe but I’ll fight for your right to express it

91
Q

Ivan the Terrible

A

Russian Czar, idk he just lost his shit

92
Q

French Finance

A

Jean Baptist Colbert

Western Civilizations (3 decks)

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