finals Flashcards
Define photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts.
What is required for photosynthesis to take place?
Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Describe the connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are interconnected processes; photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to produce energy.
What is the function of stomata?
Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange, facilitating the entry of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen.
Detail the constraints plants face living on land.
Plants face constraints such as water loss, gravity, and nutrient availability, leading to adaptations like waxy cuticles, deep roots, and supportive structures.
Understand the differences between vascular and nonvascular plants.
Vascular plants have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients, while nonvascular plants lack these tissues.
Describe a plant vascular system, including specific tissues.
A plant vascular system consists of xylem, which transports water and minerals, and phloem, which transports sugars and nutrients.
Understand the differences between seedless and seed plants.
Seedless plants reproduce via spores and do not produce seeds, while seed plants reproduce via seeds that contain an embryo and nutrients.
Understand the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Gymnosperms are seed plants that produce naked seeds, while angiosperms are seed plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.
Describe the coevolution of flowering plants with other organisms.
Coevolution involves mutual adaptations between flowering plants and pollinators, enhancing reproductive success through specialized structures and behaviors.
Describe the main roles of stems, leaves, and roots.
Stems support the plant and transport nutrients, leaves are the site of photosynthesis, and roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.
Describe modifications and adaptations of stems, leaves, and roots for different environments.
Adaptations may include thickened stems for water storage, needle-like leaves for reduced water loss, and deep roots for accessing groundwater.
Understand the function of meristems.
Meristems are regions of undifferentiated cells in plants that allow for growth and development.
Describe plant responses to light, gravity, touch, and heat.
Plants respond to stimuli such as bending towards light (phototropism), growing roots downward (gravitropism), and closing leaves when touched (thigmotropism).
Define a fruit and its role in seed dispersal.
A fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant that protects seeds and aids in their dispersal.
Describe the process of pollination.
Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the male flower parts (anthers) to the female flower parts (stigma).
Describe how seeds and pollen led plants to reduce their dependence on water.
Seeds and pollen allow plants to reproduce without needing water for fertilization, enabling survival in drier environments.
Detail Gregor Mendel’s pea experiment and his findings.
Mendel’s experiments with pea plants established the principles of inheritance, demonstrating dominant and recessive traits.
Define genotype.
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from its parents.
Define phenotype.
Phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype.
What is a dominant trait?
A dominant trait is one that is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy of the allele is present.
What is a recessive trait?
A recessive trait is one that is expressed in the phenotype only when two copies of the allele are present.
What is homozygous dominant?
Homozygous dominant refers to an organism with two identical dominant alleles for a trait.
What is homozygous recessive?
Homozygous recessive refers to an organism with two identical recessive alleles for a trait.
