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finals Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviour and the mental process

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2
Q

science

A

uses systematic methods to observe human behaviour and draw conclusions

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3
Q

behaviour

A

everything we do that can be observed directly

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4
Q

mental process

A

thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experience but cannot be directly observed

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5
Q

scientific psychologists

A

systematically study the mind, brain, and behaviour

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6
Q

8 levels of analysis

A

macro
meso
micro
molecular
molar
social psychology
sociology
neuro

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7
Q

ontology

A

the study of what is

the search for what is real

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8
Q

materialism

A

Marx
only material things exist

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9
Q

idealism

A

hegel

some of reality exists separately from the sensible world

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10
Q

epistemology

A

the study of knowledge and how individuals gain knowledge

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11
Q

aimed to identify the basic fundamental elements of psychological experience

A

structuralism

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12
Q

aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

A

functionalism

founded by William James

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13
Q

psychoanalysis (sigmund frued)

A

psychodynamic theory

focuses on the internal psychological process of which we are unaware

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14
Q

behaviourism

A

focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside of the organism to rewards, punishments, and behaviour present in our environment

BF skinner

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15
Q

cognitivism

A

processes that our thinking effects our behaviour

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16
Q

types of psychologists:

assess, diagnose, causes and treatment of mental disorders

A

clinical

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17
Q

types of psychologists:

work with normal people experiencing temporary or self contained problems

A

counselor

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18
Q

types of psychologists:

assess school children’s psychological problems and develop intervention problems

A

school

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19
Q

types of psychologists:

study why and how people change over time

A

developmental

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20
Q

types of psychologist:

use sophisticated research methods to study memory, language, and thinking of humans

A

experimental

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21
Q

types of psychologists:

examine the pyhsiological basics of behaviour in animals and humans

A

biopsychologists

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22
Q

types of psychologists:

assess, diagnose, and assist with rehabilitation and treatment of prison inmates

A

forensic

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23
Q

Types of psychologists:

work in businesses to assist un employee selection and evaluation, examining the effects of working conditions on employee behaviour and designing equipment to maximize performance and minimize accidents

A

industrial/ organizational

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24
Q

naive realism

A

belief that we see the world for exactly what it is

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25
Q

communalism

A

willingness to share our findings with others

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26
Q

disinterestedness

A

attempt to be objective when evaluating evidence

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27
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis

neglect/distort contradicting evidence

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28
Q

belief perseverance

A

the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

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29
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction

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30
Q

pseudoscience

A

set of claims that seem scientific but arent

lack safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perservenrance

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31
Q

emotional reasoning fallacy

A

error of using emotions to evaluate the validity of a claim

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32
Q

bandwagon fallacy

A

assuming a claim is correct because many people believe it

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33
Q

either or fallacy

A

framing a question as though we can answer it in one of two extreme ways

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34
Q

dangers of pseudoscience

A

opportunity costs, animal death, slippery slope, direct harm

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35
Q

empiricism

A

belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences

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36
Q

rationalism

A

belief that some knowledge can be known independent of the senses

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37
Q

heuristics

A

short cuts, rule of thumb that allows us to solve problems fast

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38
Q

problem solving

A

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics

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39
Q

tendency to overestimate how weak we could have successfully forecasts known outcomes

A

hindsight bias

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40
Q

tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

A

over confidence

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41
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching behaviour in real world settings

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42
Q

our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and mental persepctives

A

consciousness

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43
Q

consciousness is defined in 2 parts:

A

awareness and arousal

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44
Q

awareness

A

occurs in the global brain workplace, is thoughts , experiences, qusila

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45
Q

quaila

A

the way it feels to experience states of emotions

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46
Q

arousal

A

state determined by the reticular activating system

the state of being engaged with the environment

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47
Q

higher level consiousness

A

controlled processes
most alert states of consiousness
exectutive function
prefrontal cortex

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48
Q

lower level cosniousness

A

automatic processes
day dreaming

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49
Q

subconscious awareness

A

waking subconsciousness
incubation

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50
Q

unconscious

A

unconsious thought

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51
Q

sleep

A

natural state of rest

involves reversible loss of consiousness

3rd of our lives

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52
Q

biological rythm

A

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body

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53
Q

cyclonical changes that occur every 24 hours in many biological processes

A

circadian rhythm

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54
Q

the SCN of the hypothalamus, triggers sense of fatigue

A

biological clock

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55
Q

disruptions of sleep

A

jetlag
marijuana oil
melatonin
resting the clock

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56
Q

measuring sleep

A

EEG
EOG
EMG

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57
Q

stages of sleep:
non rem

A

no eye movement
less dreaming

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58
Q

stages of sleep:
N1

A

5-10 minutes
theta waves
light sleep
hypnagogic images
hyping myoclonia

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59
Q

stages of sleep:
N2

A

20-30 minutes
theta waves
sleep spindles
k complexes

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60
Q

stages of sleep:
N3

A

10-30 mins
delta waves
deeper sleep
crucial for rest

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61
Q

stages of sleep:
REM

A

paradoxical sleep
stage R
10-20+ minutes
eye movement \vivid dreaming

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62
Q

REM dreams

A

more dreams occur
emotional, illogical
plot shifts
biologically crucial

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63
Q

NON REM dreams

A

shorter dreams
thought like
repetative
concerned with daily tasks

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64
Q

lucid dreaming

A

experience of becoming aware one is dreaming

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65
Q

disorders of sleep

A

insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
night terrors
sleepwalking

66
Q

frueds wish fulfillment and dream protection theory

A

theory that dreams transform sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent fulfilment and require interpretation

67
Q

evolution theory

A

increasing survival or reproductive fitness

68
Q

cognitive theory

A

information processing and memory
dreams are meaningful products of our cognitive capacities that shape what we dream about

69
Q

alterations in consiousness:
hallucinations

A

realistic perpetual experiences in the absence of external stimuli

70
Q

alterations in consiousness:
OBE

A

sense of consiousness leaving ones body

71
Q

alterations in consciousness:
NDE

A

one reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die

72
Q

alterations in consciousness:
deja vu

A

feeling of reliving an experience that is new

73
Q

alterations in consiousness:
mediation

A

variety of practices that train attention and awareness

74
Q

alterations in consiousness:
hypnosis

A

set of techniques that provide people with suggestion for alteration in their perception, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

75
Q

drugs and depressants:
depressents

A

decrease nervous system activity

76
Q

drugs and depressants:
alcohol

A

most widely used and abused substance

effects vary from stimulation to sedation

77
Q

drugs and depressants:
treduction in effects of a drug as a result or repeated use

requires greater quantities to achieve same effect

78
Q

drugs and depressants:
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations and memory problems as a result from alcohol

A

delirium tremens

79
Q

drugs and depressants:
auditory hallucinations, sometimes with paranoid beliefs resulting from a alcohol withdrawl

A

alcohol hallucinosis

80
Q

drugs and depressants:
prescribed for insomnia, and anxiety

name the three catagories

A

sedative hypnotics

barbiturates
nonbarburates
benzodiazpines

81
Q

drugs and depressants:

stimulants

A

increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure

cocaine tobacco, amphetamines

82
Q

drugs and depressants:

relieve pain, induce sleep
derived from the opium poppy

A

opiate narcotic drugs

83
Q

drugs and depressants:

produce alterations in perception, mood, and thought

A

psychedelics

84
Q

habituation

A

process by which we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimuli

85
Q

sensitization

A

process by which we respond more strongly to s repeated stimuli overtime

86
Q

imprinting

A

within hours or days after birth and creates an enduring behaviour that is directed towards a specific individual

87
Q

british associationists

A

believe we acquire virtually all our knowledge by connecting one stimuli with another

88
Q

classical conditioning:
UCS

A

unconditioned stimli

89
Q

classical conditioning:
UCR

A

unconditioned response

90
Q

classical conditioning:
NS

A

neutral stimulus

91
Q

classical conditioning:
CS

A

conditioned stimuli

92
Q

classical conditioning:
CR

A

conditioned response

93
Q

steps of classical conditioning

A
  1. neutral stimulus
  2. pair NS with UCS which causes an UCR
  3. eventually NS turns into a CS eliciting a CR
94
Q

law of effects thorndike 1898

A

if a response in a presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus and response will be strengthened

95
Q

operant conditioning terminology:
outcomes or consequences that strengthens the probability of reinforcement

A

reinforcement

96
Q

operant conditioning terminology:
pleasant stimulus is given to strengthen the probability of a resins

A

pos reinforcement

97
Q

operant conditioning terminology:
unpleasant stimulus is removed to strengthen the probability of a response

A

neg reinforcement

98
Q

operant conditioning terminology:
outcomes or consequences that weaken the prob of a response

99
Q

operant conditioning terminology:
unpleasant stim is taken away to weaken prob of response

100
Q

superstitious behaviour

A

behaviour linked to reinforcement by coincidence

101
Q

latent learning (Tolman)

A

learning that isn’t observable

102
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching others

103
Q

neurons

A

brain cells specialized in communication with each other

104
Q

neuron makeup

A

cell body
dendrites
synapse
axon
axon terminal

105
Q

neurotransmitton

A

communication between neurone

bind with receptor sites of next neuron

106
Q

glial cells

A

glue, support cells of nervous system

107
Q

neurons respond to NT’s by generating ______ ____

A

electrical activity

108
Q

central nervous system

A

divided into systems based on loc and function

109
Q

forebrain

A

most of brains conscious functions

110
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres

111
Q

hypothalumus

A

controls the bodies hormone endocrine system

112
Q

thalumus

A

relays nerve signals to cerebral cortex

113
Q

cerebral correct

A

outermost covering

contains neo cortex, cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum

114
Q

cerebrum

A

regulates balance and body control

115
Q

brain stem

A

regulates involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate)

116
Q

what does the forebrain contains?

A

frontal, pareital, occiptal, temporal lobe, cerebral cortex

117
Q

populations or organisms change by selective breeding with other organisms that possess some advantage

A

natural selection, Charles Darwin

118
Q

conversion if external energies into a nervous system signal

A

transduction

119
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest stimulus energy needed for nervous system to detect

120
Q

just noticeable difference

A

smallest change in intesnt=ity of stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time

121
Q

webers law

A

the stringer the stimulus, the grater the change needed to detect

122
Q

relationship between a stimulus and its context

A

perpetual sets

123
Q

size, colour, shape, are consistent across conditions

A

perpetual consistency

124
Q

the visual system

A

light
human visible spectrum
brightness
hue
saturation

125
Q

sclera

A

white portion of eye

126
Q

opening that modifies the amount of light permitted through pupil

127
Q

refracts light to focus on back of eye

128
Q

changes curvature to refract light onto back of eye

129
Q

membrane of back of eye

130
Q

forvea

A

centre of retina

131
Q

axons leave retina forming the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

132
Q

orientation specific slits of light in particular location

A

simple cells

133
Q

orientation specific but less dependant on location

A

complex cells

134
Q

the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves

A

Gestalt principles

135
Q

thrichromatic theory

A

colour vision is based on our sensitivity to 3 primary colours

B R G

136
Q

opponent process theory

A

colour vision is a function of complimentary, opposing colours

R VS Y VS B

137
Q

the auditory system

A

sound
loudness
timbre
pitch

138
Q

FUNNRLS SOUND

139
Q

TRANSMITS SOUND

140
Q

CONVERTS VIBRATIONS TO NEURAL SIGNAL

141
Q

memory is…

A

malleable and reconstructive

142
Q

sensory memory

A

v brief storage of perpetual info in original sensory form

143
Q

working memory

A

limited duration < 30 seconds and capacity

144
Q

aid working memory by

A

chunking and rehearsal

145
Q

long term memory

A

permanent or relatively enduring storage of info

146
Q

semantic memory

A

knowledge of world, facts, area of experitse

147
Q

episodic memory

A

knowledge of events in our lives

148
Q

implicit memory

A

not deliberate
doesn’t require conscious effort

149
Q

3 stages of getting info in and out of LMT

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

150
Q

encoding

A

info into mem

151
Q

storage

A

keeping info in mem

152
Q

retrieval

A

reactivation or reconstruction of info in mem

153
Q

measuring memory 3Rs

A

recall
recognition
relearning

154
Q

theory of emotion

A

James lange
emotions result from out interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli

155
Q

samatric mark theory (damask)

A

we use our gut reaction to gauge how we should act

156
Q

unconscious influences on emotion:
below threshold of awareness

A

subliminal

157
Q

unconscious influences on emotion:
repeated exposure to stimuli

A

mere exposure

158
Q

unconscious influences on emotion: face says it before u do

A

facial feedback

159
Q

types of body language

A

non verbal leakgae
posture
gestures
proxemics

160
Q

proxemics

A

study of personal space

161
Q

drive reduction theory

A

(hull and Hebb)

constrain drives (ex. thirst or hunger) motivate us to minimize adverse states

Intro to Behvaioural Psychology (2 decks)

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