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CS 207 - Pant Breeding > FINALS > Flashcards

FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

The technique of growing and maintaining plant cells

A

Plant Tissue Culture

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2
Q

A type of tissue culture where explants are derived from in-vitro derived plants introduced to a new artificial environment. Commonly used in orchids

A

Seed Culture

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3
Q

This type of tissue culture involves the isolation of the embryo.

A

Embryo Culture

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4
Q

Involves the isolation of an organ for in-vitro growth.

A

Organ Culture

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5
Q

This refers to the unspecialized, unorganized, and a dividing mass of cells.

A

Callus

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6
Q

A type of tissue culture that involves an unspecialized, unorganized, dividing mass of cells.

A

Callus culture

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7
Q

As a review, what are the major steps of tissue culture?

A
  1. Initiation Phase
  2. Multiplication Phase
  3. Root Formation
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8
Q

It is the first phase of tissue culture where the tissue of interest is introduced and sterilized.

A

Initiation Phase

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9
Q

It is the second step in tissue culture where in-vitro plant material is re-divided and introduced into the medium.

A

Multiplication Phase

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10
Q

It is the last step in tissue culture where roots are formed.

A

Root Formation

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11
Q

What are the processes of tissue culture?

A
  1. Medium Preparation
  2. Stock Solution Preparation
  3. Plant Preparation
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12
Q

Crop improvement entails genetically manipulating plants in a predetermined way, which often involves the transfer of genes from one source or genetic background to another.

A

Concept of Gene Transfer

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13
Q

What are the 2 methods of emasculation?

A
  1. Direct Emasculation
  2. Indirect Emasculation
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14
Q

A type of emasculation which involves the technique of removing anthers from the flower

A

Direct Emasculation

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15
Q

A type of emasculation where the anthers are incapacitated without removing them from the flower

A

Indirect Emasculation

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16
Q

Genetically divergent parents are crossed for recombination of desirable genes.

A

Divergent Crossing

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17
Q

A type of divergent cross which involves two elite lines that possess adequate traits.

A

Single Cross

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18
Q

This type of divergent cross involves the multiple crossing to obtain recombinants that consist of desirable traits.

A

Three-way cross

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19
Q

This method of divergent crossing entails making a large number of crosses.

A

Di-allele cross

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20
Q

These are conservative ways of crossing plants, because it does not create new traits, but instead combines all present traits in the gene pool.

A

Convergent Crossing

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21
Q

What commercial gametocides are used in indirect emasculation?

A

Sodium methylarsenate

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22
Q

What are the types of Indirect emasculation?

A
  1. Thermal Inactivation
  2. Alcohol Emasculation
  3. Commercial Gametocides
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23
Q

This external reproductive barrier is caused by the geographical distances between two species.

A

Spatial Isolation Mechanisms

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24
Q

This external reproductive barrier prevents the union of gametes such as mechanical isolation (herkogamy).

A

Pre-fertilization Reproductive Barriers

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25
Q

It is an internal reproductive barrier that leads to abnormalities following fertilization.

A

Post-fertilization Reproductive Barriers

26
Q

These are crosses that involve materials outside of the cultivated species.

A

Wide Cross

27
Q

They are organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploids

28
Q

They are polyploids with multiple whole sets of chromosomes specific to a species.

A

Euploid

29
Q

These are euploids with double the amount of the same chromosome set, where genomes are identical with each other. In this case, offspring can either be sterile or fertile.

A

Autoploidy

30
Q

It is a polyploid that originated by combining complete chromosome sets from two or more species.

A

Alloploid

31
Q

Are a unit of polyploids that either contain an addition or subtraction of 1 specific chromosomes to the entire range of chromosomes.

A

Aneuploids

32
Q

Refers to the enlargement of plant cells due to the increased amount of DNA.

A

Gigas effect

33
Q

Consist of two genetically distinct tissues and may produce two distinct flowers on the same plant.

A

Chimera

34
Q

A protein isolated from bacteria that
cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific
sites, producing DNA fragments with a known
sequence at each end.

A

Restriction Enzyme

35
Q

He described the concept of bulk breeding in 1908.

A

Nilsson-Ehle

36
Q

This is the sudden heritable change in phenotype

A

Mutation

37
Q

This type of mutation occurs naturally

A

Spontaneous Mutation

38
Q

The nutrient media grown for explants

A

MS Media

39
Q

How many steps are there in the plant physiological process?

A

Four

40
Q

This represents the optimum partitioning of dry matter.

A

Ideotype concept

41
Q

Refers to the movement of nutrients and sugars within the plant

A

Translocation

42
Q

Refers to the breakdown of sugars in plants.

A

Respiration

43
Q

It is the chemical responsible for water stress response.

A

Abscisic acid

44
Q

Consortium of 15 international agricultural research centers. What does its abbreviation stand for?

A

CGIAR - Consortium of International Agriculture Research Centers

45
Q

It focuses on the development of new varieties of Maize and Wheat. It’s abbreviation stands for:

A

CIMMYT - International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

46
Q

This international institute focuses on cassava, yam, cowpea and banana improvement.

A

IITA - International Institute for Tropical Agriculture

47
Q

This international institute focuses on the development and research related to potatoes. It’s abbreviation stands for:

A

IPC - International Potato Center

48
Q

This institute focuses on vegetable research. It’s abbreviation stands for:

A

AVRDC - Asian Vegetable Development Center/World Vegetable Center

49
Q

These are seeds that have the highest purity, or are directly controlled by breeding institutes.

A

Breeder’s Seeds

50
Q

These are the progeny of breeder’s seeds.

A

Foundation Seeds

51
Q

These are the progeny of foundation Seeds

A

Registered Seeds

52
Q

These are the progeny of either foundation or registered seeds.

A

Certified Seeds

53
Q

Color tags for Breeder Seeds

A

White

54
Q

Color Tags for Foundation Seeds

A

Red

55
Q

Color Tags for Certified Seeds

A

Green

56
Q

Color Tags for Registered Seeds

A

Blue

57
Q

The result of prolonged rainfall that can cause anxic soil conditions.

A

Oxidative stress

58
Q

Resists specific insects/pathogens because of genetic architecture

A

Host Resistance

59
Q

Immunity against majority of pathogens

A

Non-host resistanec

60
Q

It refers to the growing individual seeds from each plant in isolation.

A

Single seed descent

CS 207 - Pant Breeding (3 decks)

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