FINALS Flashcards
What represents ventricular repolarization in an ECG?
T-wave
Where is the V1 electrode placed in a standard ECG?
Fourth intercostal space just to the right of the sternum
Which lead does not record the electrical activity of the heart in the lateral area?
Lead III
What percentage of cross-sectional diameter reduction can cause angina?
70%
What condition has no regularity shape of the QRS complex because all electrical
activity is disorganized and there are no P waves or PR intervals present?
Ventricular Fibrillation
Where is the V4 electrode placed in a standard ECG?
Fifth intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line
Which finding is associated with a PR interval > 0.22 seconds?
First-degree AV block
What represents atrial depolarization in an ECG?
P-wave
Where is the RA electrode placed in a standard ECG?
On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle
Which condition has a ventricular rate usually between 150 and 250 beats per
minute, with variable ventricular complex?
Irregular Wide Complex Tachycardia
What is the most common cause of injury to the intimal walls of the artery?
Hypertension
What is the most common cause of injury to the intimal walls of the artery?
Hypertension
What condition has a ventricular rate less than 60bpm, but usually more than
40bpm, with a consistent PR interval between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds in duration?
SInus Bradycardia
Which enzyme peaks at 24-36 hours following a major myocardial injury?
Creatine kinase-myocradial band
Which lead uses the positive electrode on the left leg and a combination of the
right arm and left arm electrodes as the negative pole?
Lead II
Is high blood pressure, with a systolic blood pressure of 130
mmHg or higher, and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg or higher?
Hypertension
is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts
Systolic Blood Pressure
is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed between beats
Diastolic Blood Pressure
is swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet due to the accumulation of
fluid in the tissues
Peripheral Edema
is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which can cause difficulty breathing,coughing and other respiratorty symptoms.
Pulmonary Edema
is a complication of untreated streptococcal pharyngitis (strep
throat) that can cause damage to the heart valves and lead to rheumatic heart disease.
Rheumatic Heart Fever
is a congenital heart defect that consists of four abnormalities: a
ventricular septal defect (a hole between the right and left ventricles), pulmonary
stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and artery), right ventricular hypertrophy
(enlargement of the right ventricle), and an overriding aorta (the aorta is shifted to the
right and receives blood from both the right and left ventricles).
Tertalogy of Fallot
can lead to cardiac muscle disease through a process called hypertensive
heart disease. When blood pressure is consistently elevated, it causes the heart to work
harder to pump blood against the increased resistance in the blood vessels. Over time,
this increased workload can cause the heart muscle to thicken and become stiff, a
condition called left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). LVH can lead to a variety of
complications, including diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, and other
conditions that can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and other complications.
Hypertension
What are the two hallmark symptoms of right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral Edema, Jugular Venous Distension
A score of _ on the modified Berg Scale indicates that the person is able
to perform activities with moderate difficulty, but can continue with activity
7
is a bulge or weakening in the wall of an artery, which can develop in
various locations throughout the body.
Aneurysm
it can cause internal
bleeding and life-threatening complications
Aneurysm Ruptures
is the most common form
of heart disease. It is the result of atheromatous changes in the
vessels supplying the heart.
Coronary Artery Disease
is used to describe a range of clinical disorders from
asymptomatic atherosclerosis and stable angina to acute coronary
syndrome
Coronary Artery DIsease
A stenosis of >50% of diameter
or >75% cross-section diameter
reduction can lead to?
Angina
Thrombus formation after
plaque disruption can lead
to
Acute Coronary syndrome
Symptoms of CAD are not
experienced until the lumen is
at least how many percent occluded.
70%
Most myocardial infarctions occurred in the______ and _______?
Right coronary artery and Left anterior descending artery
the new terminology for ischemic heart disease or CAD.
Acute coronary syndrome
It involves a spectrum of entities ranging from the least involved condition
on the spectrum (unstable angina) to the worst involved condition (sudden
cardiac death).
Acute Coronary Syndrome
cardiac-related chest pain, is due to ischemia.
Angina
is a temporary condition due to the imbalance between the
myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
Ischemia
It is chest pain that increases in severity, frequency, and duration and
is refractory to treatment.
Unstable angina
when angina occurs during exercise or activity. Chest pain is
experienced at a certain intensity of exercise when the myocardial
oxygen demand exceeds the blood supply to the myocardium and is
alleviated by decreasing the MVO2.
stable angina
caused by a vasospasm of coronary arteries in the absence of
occlusive disease.
Variant or Prinzmetal angina
preferred long-term pharmacological choice for variant angina
Calcium Channel Blockers
results from interruption of myocardial blood flow and resultant
ischaemia and is a leading cause of death worldwide
Myocardial infraction
can occur in those with poor visceral sensation
(diabetics, post-cardiothoracic surgery) and may manifest with other
symptoms of myocardial compromise, e.g. breathlessness
Silent ischaemia
is a complex clinical syndrome that results from
either functional or structural impairment of ventricles resulting in
symptomatic left ventricle (LV) dysfunction.
Congestive Heart Failure
It can result from disorders of the pericardium, myocardium,
endocardium, heart valves, great vessels, or some metabolic
abnormalities
Congestive Heart Failure
is the first presentation of heart failure or a sudden onset of
heart failure
Acute CHF
is when heart failure is recurrent or episodic
Transient CHF
is heart failure that is persistent, worsening, or
decompensate (to lose ability to function).
Chronic CHF
This is the most common form of heart failure, gradually pushing up
the pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary vascular system. The
resulting pulmonary hypertension may force fluid into the alveoli
creating pulmonary edema.
Left Ventricular Failure
This generally occurs secondary to cardiopulmonary disorders such as
pulmonary hypertension, right ventricle infarction, congenital heart
disease, pulmonary embolism or COPD.
Right Ventricular Failure
occurs from direct insult to the RV caused by conditions that increase
PA pressure.
Right-sided heart failure
Symptoms can be reflective of both left and right-sided heart failure, including shortness of breath and swelling due to a build-up of fluid
Biventricular heart failure
Increased peripheral arterial pressure contributes to increased afterload and pathological hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
Hypertension
Acute injury to myocardial tissue damages ventricular contractility causing systolic
dysfunction. Scar formation seen in infracted tissue alters relaxation and may lead to diastolic dysfunction.
Coronary Artery Disease
Normal electrical conduction through the heart allows for normal mechanical contraction of the ventricles. Altered electrical conduction alters the mechanical activity of the ventricles
exacerbating heart failure.
Cardiac Dysrhythmias
Cardiac valve pathology (stenosis or regurgitation) causes structural changes to the chamber behind the valve resulting in
cardiac muscle dysfunction and failure.
Valve Abnormalities
Damage to the myocardial cells from various pathological processes alters the systolic and/or diastolic function of the ventricles
Cardiomyopathies
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
An abnormal dilatation in
the arterial wall, vein or the
heart
Aneurysm
three common sites of aneurysm
Thoracic, Peripheral and Abdominal
a bluish color of the skin, nail beds, and possibly lips and tongue, may be present when arterial oxygen saturation is 85% or less.
Cyanosis
the absence of a pink, rosy color, may indicate a decrease in CO.
Pallor
(excess sweating, cool clammy skin) should also be noted because it may indicate excessive effort or inadequate cardiovascular response
Diaphoresis
these drugs help relax and widen the blood vessels, reducing blood pressure.
ACE Inhibitors
Lisinopril, Enalapril, Captopril, Ramipril are all examples of what type of cardiovascular drug
ACE inhibitors
what do ACE inhibitor drugs end in?
-pril
they reduce the effects of adrenaline and related hormones, which typically increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels. They slow down the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
Beta Blockers
Metoprolol, Propranolol, Atenolol, Carvedilol are all examples of what type of cardiovascular drugs?
Beta blockers
What do Beta blockers end in?
-olol
prevent calcium from entering the cells of the heart and blood vessels. This action relaxes and widens the blood vessels, allowing for better blood flow and reducing the workload on the heart. They also help lower blood pressure.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem are all examples of what type of cardiovascular drug?
Calcium Channel Blockers
what are the two endings of Calcium channel blockers?
-pine and -zem
act on specific kidney receptors to balance potassium and sodium levels in the body.
Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide, Furosemide, Spironolactone, Chlorthalidone are all examples of what cardiovascular durg ?
Diuretics
What are the two endings of Diuretics?
-ide and -ctone
Hearts Location *3 pinpoints
Centrally, Substernally and tilted to the Left
one third of the heart is located on the
right side
two-thirds of the heart is located on the
left side of the midline
the base of the heart is located
below the third rib as it approaches the sternum
the base of the heart is directed superiorly to the ____ of _____ and _______
right of midline and posterior
the pointed apex of the heart projects to the ______ of the ______ and _________
to the left of the midline and anterior
the outer layer of the wall of
the heart and is formed by the visceral
layer of the serous pericardium.
Epicardium
the muscular middle
layer of the wall of the heart and has
excitable tissue and the conducting
system. It is composed of three
discernable layers of muscle that are
seen predominantly in the left ventricle
and inter-ventricular septum alone.
Myocardium
The three layers of the myocardium
-Subepicardial layer
-Middle concentric layer
-Subendocardial layer
the innermost
layer of the heart is formed of the
endothelium and subendothelial
connective tissue
Endocardium
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the left and right pulmonary veins.
Left atrium
what veins enter the heart as two pairs of veins inserting posteriorly and
laterally into the left atrium.
pulmonary
the smallest pulmonary veins are called
thebesian
what veins drain
deoxygenated blood from the atrial myocardium directly into the left atrium.
thebesian
is found midline, posterior to the right atrium and superior to the
left ventricle.
left atrium
the walls of the atrial appendage are
pectinate
the walls of the left atrium are
smooth
