Finals! Flashcards
1
Q
Self-Conscious Emotion
A
- Emerges later in development
- No distinct facial expressions
- Evolved to manage social relationships
- Motivates and regulates thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
2
Q
Cognitive Requirements for Self-Conscious Emotions
A
- Cognition-dependent (requires capacities to develop before they can be induced)
- Individuals can distinguish oneself physically distinct from others (self-concept) and internalize standards and norms from caretakers and society
3
Q
Guilt
A
- Heightened arousal and remorse
- When a person engages in an action that causes harm, does not meet standards by themselves, others, or society
- They are the cause of the undesired outcome
- Involves action/behavior towards making amends
4
Q
Shame
A
- Hopelessness and one’s entire self is worthless, powerless, and small
- Person failed/violate a social norm
- Failure stems from an aspect of oneself that one cannot alter or control
- Action/behavior related to avoiding affected situations, hiding from others, or behavior that makes one “small”
5
Q
Guilt – What’s at fault:
A
My behavior.
6
Q
Shame – What’s at fault:
A
Me as a person.
7
Q
Counterfactual Thinking
A
- The process of mentally “undoing” a situation that has already happened.
8
Q
Functions of Guilt and Shame
A
- Regulating moral behavior, valuable for maintaining social relationships
- Guilt – pro-social behavior to setting things right
- Shame – Protect selves from further threat
- Helps develop self-control and inhibit drives to commit immoral behavior
- Guilt = empathy; shame = perspective taking
9
Q
Embarrassment
A
- Sense of fluster, self-focus, feelings of foolishness, and feelings of worthlessness
- Gaze aversion, non genuine smile, downturned head, hiding face, blushing
- Trivial situations, public settings, sudden/unexpected events
10
Q
Functions of Embarrassment
A
- Resolving harm done to one’s presented self
- Embarrassing situations risk disconnection from one’s social connections; embarrassment communicated helps to solve disconnection
11
Q
Pride
A
- Emotional state involving satisfaction with meeting one’s own personal standards and goals, including internalized beliefs about right and wrong.
12
Q
Authentic Pride
A
- Pleasure in meeting goals, completing tasks, meeting personal expectations
- Positive outcomes, including higher motivation to effective strategies, higher self-efficacy, positive social behaviors
- “I did great on the exam because I studied hard and put my best foot forward.”
13
Q
Hubristic Pride
A
- Pleasure from self in general.
- Negative outcomes, including tendencies for aggression & hostility, narcissism/narcissistic injury, unstable self-esteem, and poor social connection
14
Q
Functions of Pride
A
- Method of communicating success, establishing social hierarchy, and accessing resources within social groups for survival.
15
Q
Envy
A
- Characterized by longing, dissatisfaction, and sense of personal inferiority
- Induced when an individual believes another person has something they want but do not have
16
Q
Functions of Envy
A
- Benign envy is useful in a prosocial way.
- Associated with positive perceptions and admiration of envied individuals.
- May experience motivation to improve oneself to become more like the envied person despite personal frustration
17
Q
Jealousy
A
- Consists of anger, anxiety/fear around loss, and suspiciousness
- Central to jealousy is a concern that an important relationship is being threatened by another individual
- Includes person experiencing jealousy, a person with a relationship with jealous person, and person threatening relationship
18
Q
Functions of Jealousy
A
- Maintains investment in time, resources, and commitment to relationships and offspring
- Jealousy wards off loss of investment from mates/partners that can come from affairs and abandonment of relationship
19
Q
Results of Conroy & colleagues (2015) on patterns of self-conscious emotions
A
- Authentic pride were normally distributed throughout people and days, often being triggered consistently in daily life
- Guilt, shame, and hubristic pride appeared in bursts, often triggered less often in daily life.
20
Q
Results of Huelleman & colleagues (2021) on self-conscious emotions and motivations for exercise
A
- Individuals who experienced negative emotions about their bodies engaged in exercise for appearance reasons.
- Individuals who felt proud about their bodies and did not report negatively valanced emotions reported exercising for health reasons.
- Pride is considered a positive emotion that can drive intrinsic motivation, proactive behaviors, and engagement in activities that are personally enjoyable and demonstrate self-competence.
- Body-related pride tends to be associated with more autonomous motivation for exercise (e.g., intrinsic and identified motivation)
21
Q
Group Emotions
A
Occurs in and are shared with a collective of interacting individuals at a moment in time.
22
Q
Emotional Contagion
A
- Characterizes the phenomena of individuals “catching” the emotions of other individuals
- Can appear as automatic copying of emotional movements, expressions, postures and vocalizations of others
- Can leads to social connections between the group members becoming stronger, especially with positive emotions, making similar emotional states transfer even easier
23
Q
Factors that increase susceptibility to emotional contagion
A
- Tendency to approach
- Low attention span
- High distractibility
- Tendency for high intensity emotional responses
24
Q
Six Reasons Theorized why Emotional Contagion Happens
A
- Learning
- Imitation
- Co-Attention
- Communicative Imitation
- Social Comparison
- Empathy
25
Q
Emotions on Behalf of a Group
A
- Group emotions can occur within individuals on behalf of a certain group
- Shared emotions can range from guilt or shame due to a group-related behavior/events from the past, to shared experiences of pride regarding a group victory
- Group emotions of this nature often dependent on how much one identifies with the group itself
26
Q
Collective Action
A
- Group emotions serve to motivate behavior/actions on behalf of the group.
27
Q
Emotions about Other Groups
A
- When emotions can be shared or experience on behalf of a group, those emotions are likely to be directed towards something.
28
Q
How Prejudice and Emotions Relate
A
- Prejudice may be partly determined by an individual’s emotional reaction to stereotypic beliefs about an outgroup.
- Different types of negative emotions can spark different kinds of prejudicial attitudes or behavior.
29
Q
Group Emotions & Intergroup Behavior
A
- Emotional reactions toward out-groups predict behavioral intentions beyond the content of stereotypical beliefs.
- Emotions experienced towards outgroups also influences behavior.
- Harsher judgments and punishing behavioral actions to outgroups that bring up an experience of disgust.
30
Q
Intergroup Emotions Theory
A
- There are instances when our group identity outweighs our individual identity, and we tend to evaluate and interact with out-groups using group emotions in these instances.
- Certain situations, particularly situations that make a group membership feel more salient to an individual, can temporarily bring the group membership part of one’s identity to center stage.
31
Q
Sociofunctional Theory
A
- Prejudice towards out-groups is more directly reflective of emotional reactions to the threat out-groups present to the in-group.
- Emotions serve individuals to achieve basic human motives of survival for reproduction.
- Emotions evolved as a group-living species, and cooperation within groups serves survival and reproduction better than solitary living.
- Emotions activate action programs adapted to address any threat to basic human motives, which mean any threat to group functioning.
