finals 1 Flashcards
Study the occurrence and distribution of diseases as well as the distribution of determinants of health state or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Field of science dealing with the relationship of the various factors which determine the frequencies and distribution of an infectious process, a disease, or a physiological state in human community
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Study of the behavior of disease in the community rather than in individual patients and includes the study of reservoirs and sources of human diseases
EPIDEMIOLOGY
is data-driven and relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or
events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person.
Pattern
may be annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence.
Time patterns
include geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools.
Place patterns
include demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as
well as behaviors and environmental exposures.
Personal characteristics
refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of
meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population.
Frequency
Epidemiology is also used to search for __, which are the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events.
determinants
Hippocrates attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational rather than a
supernatural viewpoint.
Circa 400 B.C.
John Graunt published landmark of analysis of mortality data.
1662
William Farr built upon Graunt’s work by systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics.
1880
An anesthesiologist named John Snow was conducting a series of investigations in London that warrant his being considered the “father of field epidemiology”.
1854
Epidemiologists extended their methods to noninfectious diseases
1930s and 1940s
Health workers applied epidemiologic methods to eradicate naturally occurring
smallpox worldwide
1960s and 1970s
Epidemiology was extended to the studies of injuries and violence
1980s
USES AND GOALS OF EPI
Assessing the community’s health Making individual decisions Completing the clinical picture Searching for causes Public health surveillance Field investigation
TWO MAIN AREAS OF INVESTIGATION
- Describes the distribution of health status in terms of age, gender, race, geography and time
- Patterns of disease distribution in terms of causal factor.
In epidemiology of any disease or event, one studies the factor which contribute to its causation and behavior –
AGENT, HOST, ENVIRONMENT
Epidemiologic concept maintains that there
can be no single cause of disease
THE AGENT FACTORS OF DISEASE
Age Sex Race Habits, customs and religion Exposure to agent Defense mechanism of the host
This could be living or non-living, physical or mechanical in nature such as extremes of temperature, light, electricity
AGENT
They could be chemicals – endogenous (within the body) or exogenous (poison)
AGENT
Association:
Is a specified health outcome more likely in people with a particular “exposure”?
Is there a link? Association is a statistical relationship between two variables.
the traditional model for
infectious disease.
epidemiologic triad or triangle
consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the
host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent
and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a
source to that host.
epidemiologic triad or triangle
AGENT PATHOGEN CHARACTERISTICS
TOXICITY, VIRULENCE, INFESTIVITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTIC
ABILITY TO SURVIVE OUTSIDE THE BODY
AGENT INTERVENTION
ERADICATE
GENETICALLY MODIFY
INTERVENTION FOR PATHOGEN TO ENVIRONMENT
REMOVE BREEDING GROUNDS
IMPROVE SANITATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
POPULATION DENSITY
INTERVENTION OF ENVIRONMENT
HOUSING QUALITY
SANITATIO, WATER
PREVENTIVE SERVICES
INTERVENTION FROM ENVIRONMENT TO HOST
EDUCATE
CHANGE ACTIVITY PATTERNS
QUARANTINE
HOST CHARACTERISTICS
AGE PRIOR EXPOSURE SUCEPTIBILITY CO-INFECTION IMMUNE RESPONSE
HOST INTERVENTION
TREAT, ISOLATE
IMMUNIZE
NUTRITION
INTERVENTION FROM HOST TO AGENT
PROTECT
EDUCATE
ALTER EXPOSURE
