(finalprep) review questions Flashcards by Stēv Jin

when an axon is severed, the disintegration will occur toward the SYNAPTIC PLATE (OR IN A DISTAL DIRECTION)

AXON to TERMINAL

wallerian degeneration

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when an axon is severed, the degeneration spreads proximally toward the CELL BODY (SOMA)

AXON to SOMA

retrograde degeneration

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true/false

as long as the soma of a neuron is in tact, there still is hope for regeneration

true

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cells that insulate (organized into myelin) and ASSIST regeneration/repair of axons within the PNS

schwann cells

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cells that insulate and RESIST regeneration within the CNS

stroke is difficult to treat

oligodendrocytes

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the neural tube is designed/created by the folding of the _________ of the embryo

ectoderm

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what are the 2 pairs of “originating” arteries in the CIRCLE OF WILLIS?

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

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where do vertebral and internal carotid arteries originate from?

subclavian arteries (branches of brachio-cephalic trunk of aorta)

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what are the vertebral and internal carotid arteries’ path to the CIRCLE?

inter-vertebral foramena (toward the brain)

unite on frontal surface of the PONS and form BASILAR ARTERY

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which part of the brain do POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

what part of human body do these arteries supply?

occipital lobe (and partially cerebellum);

OCCIPITAL LOBE + CEREBELLUM
VISION + EQUILIBRIUM

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which part of the brain do MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

cerebrum;

LATERAL PARTS OF BRAIN
UPPER TRUNK + EXTREMITIES

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which part of the brain do ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

medial portions of the FRONTAL LOBES and superior medial PARIETAL LOBES

TOP OF BRAIN + DIENCEPHALON
LOWER TRUNK + EXTREMITIES

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HOMUNCULUS (MR. HAL)

head (ear) - posterior cerebral artery

arms + upper extremities (middle) - middle cerebral artery

legs + lower extremities (top) - anterior cerebral artery

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major venous sinus of the brain, collecting the blood from the bridging vein of subdural space, and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) emptied there by contracting arachnoid granulations (villi), which collect CSF from the subarachnoid space

superior sagittal sinus

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sinus housing the internal carotid artery and oculomotor nerve group within the dural “cave” of the sinus

situated behind the eyes and the nasal conchae lateral to the sphenoid bone

injury to this sinus might interrupt the blood supply to the brain via the internal carotid artery

cavernous sinus

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the spinal cord originates at the level of _________ and ends at the level of _________

foramen magnum;

intervertebral disk b/w L1 + L2

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the spinal cord is divided into ___ segments

31 segments:

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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anterior/ventral roots of each spinal nerve represent a bundle of axons from _________ and _________ motor neurons of the spinal cord

somatic; visceral

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somatic motor neurons are situated within the _________ gray horns

visceral motor neurons are situated within the _________ gray horns

anterior/ventral

lateral

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the posterior/dorsal roots of each spinal nerve represent a bundle of axons from _________ and _________ sensory neurons (first order sensory neurons)

somatic; visceral

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the somas of somatic and afferent sensory neurons are situated within the posterior or dorsal _________ _________

root ganglion

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the spinal cord is approximately _________ in length, and _________ in width, and is flattened in __________________ direction

45 cm; 2 cm

anterior-posterior

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the CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT represents _________ segments of the spinal cord, supplying the UPPER TRUNK and upper extremities

C4-T1

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the LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT represents _________ segments of the spinal cord, supplying the LOWER TRUNK and lower extremities

T9-T12

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the spinal cord is divided into TWO HALVES by _________ _________ fissure and the _________ _________ sulcus

anterior median FISSURE; | posterior median SULCUS

the end of the spinal cord is called the _________ _________, as it narrows down and resembles a cone or a sharpened pencil

conus medullaris

the conus medullaris is anchored to the coccyx by the EXTENSION OF THE PIA MATER, resembling a thin thread called _________ _________

filum terminale

the spinal cord anchored to the spinal column by projections of the pia mater HORIZONTALLY, which are called _________ _________

denticulate ligaments

what is the order of which the spinal cord is covered by the meninges from outside to inside?

``` dura mater (tough) arachnoid layer (spider-like, cellophane) pia mater (vascular, inseparable) ```

the spinal cord is protected from physical injury by:

vertebral column, meninges, CSF, cushion/fat

LATERAL GRAY HORNS are only located in spinal cord segments

T1-L3, S2-S4

what is the outside matter of the spinal cord and which tracts does it represent?

white matter; | sensory + motor tracts

what kind of white matter columns are there?

anterior, posterior, lateral

where are the spinal nerves located, and how long are they?

intervertebral foramen; 1 cm

which rami of certain spinal nerves represent the roots of peripheral nerves? these intermingle together and comprise the plexi/networks of what nerves?

anterior rami; | plexi/network of peripheral nerves

which spinal nerves are tested using the BICEPS BRACHII?

C5-C6

which spinal nerves are tested using the TRICEPS BRACHII?

C6-C8

which spinal nerves are tested using the QUADRICEPS FEMORIS (KNEE JERK)

L2-L4

which spinal nerves are tested using the GATROKNEMIUS (ANKLE JERK)

S1-S2

which cranial nerves are used to test PUPILLARY AND ACCOMMODATION FOR NEAR VISION REFLEX?

sensory input: CN II (optic) | motor reaction: CN III (oculomotor), parasympathetic

which cranial nerves are used to test CONEAL REFLEX (BLINKING UPON TOUCHING CORNEA)?

sensory input: CN V (trigeminal) | motor reaction: CN VII (facial), blinking

autonomic nervous system is a part of _________ nervous system

peripheral nervous system

which cranial nerves are used to test GAG (PHARYNGEAL) REFLEX?

sensory input: CN IX (glossopharyngeal) | motor reaction: CN X (vagus), gag

ANS represents _________ pathway to the internal organs and tissues _________ CNS

efferent pathway; from CNS

ANS is divided into 2 divisions

sympathetic + parasympathetic

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have ___ neurons in their pathways to the effector organs

2 neurons

what does the ANS target?

smooth muscles

which reactions does the SYMPATHETIC division control?

"E SITUATIONS" | emergency, exercise, embarrassment

which activities does the PARASYMPATHETIC division control?

"GOING BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS" | rest & regroup and/or rest & digest

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ultimately responsible for _________, and are controlled in turn by the part of the DIENCEPHALON, _________

homeostasis; | hypothalamus

SYMPATHETIC division originates from

FIRST PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS | lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L3

SYMPATHETIC NS is also called

thoracolumbar | lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L3

the SECOND NEURONS of the SYMPATHETIC NS are located within

sympathetic ganglia chains 1. paravertebral trunk (both sides of vertebral column) 2. prevertebral trunk (in front of vertebral column, along with path of thoracic + abdominal aorta)

the first neurotransmitter of SNS is

ACh

the second neurotransmitter of SNS is

norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

HYPERTENSION is treated by

alpha or beta blockers (SNS receptors; a-1, a-2, b-1, b-2) alpha: lowers pressure beta: takes stress away from HT

PARASYMPATHETIC division of ANS (PNS) originates by

preganglionic neurons

the preganglionic neurons of PNS are located within CRANIAL NERVES ___ - ___ and SPINAL CORD LATERAL SEGMENTS _________

CN III, CN IV, CN IX, CN X S2, S3, S4

the first and second neurotransmitters of PNS are both

ACh

unlike the SNS, the ganglia of the PNS pathway are located

very close to the effector organs or within the effector organs

in both SNS and PNS pathways to the effector organs/tissues, the FIRST PREGANGLIONIC part is _________ and the SECOND POSTGANGLIONIC part is _________

myelinated (preganglionic) unmyelinated (postganglionic)

where are the UPPER MOTOR NEURONS located?

primary motor areas of - CEREBRAL CORTEX - BASAL GANGLIA - RETICULAR FORMATION

where are the LOWER MOTOR NEURONS located?

located within the VENTRAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD

if spinal reflexes are exaggerated, which motor neuron is affected/injured?

upper motor neuron

where is the integrating center for all cranial REFLEXES?

brainstem

what nervous system is responsible for special senses?

SOMATIC nervous system

which CRANIAL NERVES are involved in control of taste sensations from tongue, pharynx, and epiglottis?

CN VII, IX, X