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anatomy 3 > (finalprep) review questions > Flashcards

(finalprep) review questions Flashcards

0
Q

when an axon is severed, the disintegration will occur toward the SYNAPTIC PLATE (OR IN A DISTAL DIRECTION)

AXON to TERMINAL

A

wallerian degeneration

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1
Q

when an axon is severed, the degeneration spreads proximally toward the CELL BODY (SOMA)

AXON to SOMA

A

retrograde degeneration

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2
Q

true/false

as long as the soma of a neuron is in tact, there still is hope for regeneration

A

true

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3
Q

cells that insulate (organized into myelin) and ASSIST regeneration/repair of axons within the PNS

A

schwann cells

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4
Q

cells that insulate and RESIST regeneration within the CNS

stroke is difficult to treat

A

oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

the neural tube is designed/created by the folding of the _________ of the embryo

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

what are the 2 pairs of “originating” arteries in the CIRCLE OF WILLIS?

A

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

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7
Q

where do vertebral and internal carotid arteries originate from?

A

subclavian arteries (branches of brachio-cephalic trunk of aorta)

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8
Q

what are the vertebral and internal carotid arteries’ path to the CIRCLE?

A

inter-vertebral foramena (toward the brain)

unite on frontal surface of the PONS and form BASILAR ARTERY

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9
Q

which part of the brain do POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

what part of human body do these arteries supply?

A

occipital lobe (and partially cerebellum);

OCCIPITAL LOBE + CEREBELLUM
VISION + EQUILIBRIUM

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10
Q

which part of the brain do MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

A

cerebrum;

LATERAL PARTS OF BRAIN
UPPER TRUNK + EXTREMITIES

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11
Q

which part of the brain do ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES supply?

A

medial portions of the FRONTAL LOBES and superior medial PARIETAL LOBES

TOP OF BRAIN + DIENCEPHALON
LOWER TRUNK + EXTREMITIES

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12
Q

HOMUNCULUS (MR. HAL)

A

head (ear) - posterior cerebral artery

arms + upper extremities (middle) - middle cerebral artery

legs + lower extremities (top) - anterior cerebral artery

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13
Q

major venous sinus of the brain, collecting the blood from the bridging vein of subdural space, and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) emptied there by contracting arachnoid granulations (villi), which collect CSF from the subarachnoid space

A

superior sagittal sinus

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14
Q

sinus housing the internal carotid artery and oculomotor nerve group within the dural “cave” of the sinus

situated behind the eyes and the nasal conchae lateral to the sphenoid bone

  • injury to this sinus might interrupt the blood supply to the brain via the internal carotid artery
A

cavernous sinus

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15
Q

the spinal cord originates at the level of _________ and ends at the level of _________

A

foramen magnum;

intervertebral disk b/w L1 + L2

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16
Q

the spinal cord is divided into ___ segments

A

31 segments:

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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17
Q

anterior/ventral roots of each spinal nerve represent a bundle of axons from _________ and _________ motor neurons of the spinal cord

A

somatic; visceral

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18
Q

somatic motor neurons are situated within the _________ gray horns

visceral motor neurons are situated within the _________ gray horns

A

anterior/ventral

lateral

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19
Q

the posterior/dorsal roots of each spinal nerve represent a bundle of axons from _________ and _________ sensory neurons (first order sensory neurons)

A

somatic; visceral

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20
Q

the somas of somatic and afferent sensory neurons are situated within the posterior or dorsal _________ _________

A

root ganglion

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21
Q

the spinal cord is approximately _________ in length, and _________ in width, and is flattened in __________________ direction

A

45 cm; 2 cm

anterior-posterior

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22
Q

the CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT represents _________ segments of the spinal cord, supplying the UPPER TRUNK and upper extremities

A

C4-T1

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23
Q

the LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT represents _________ segments of the spinal cord, supplying the LOWER TRUNK and lower extremities

A

T9-T12

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24
Q

the spinal cord is divided into TWO HALVES by _________ _________ fissure and the _________ _________ sulcus

A

anterior median FISSURE;

posterior median SULCUS

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25
Q

the end of the spinal cord is called the _________ _________, as it narrows down and resembles a cone or a sharpened pencil

A

conus medullaris

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26
Q

the conus medullaris is anchored to the coccyx by the EXTENSION OF THE PIA MATER, resembling a thin thread called _________ _________

A

filum terminale

27
Q

the spinal cord anchored to the spinal column by projections of the pia mater HORIZONTALLY, which are called _________ _________

A

denticulate ligaments

28
Q

what is the order of which the spinal cord is covered by the meninges from outside to inside?

A 
dura mater (tough)
arachnoid layer (spider-like, cellophane)
pia mater (vascular, inseparable)
29
Q

the spinal cord is protected from physical injury by:

A

vertebral column, meninges, CSF, cushion/fat

30
Q

LATERAL GRAY HORNS are only located in spinal cord segments

A

T1-L3, S2-S4

31
Q

what is the outside matter of the spinal cord and which tracts does it represent?

A

white matter;

sensory + motor tracts

32
Q

what kind of white matter columns are there?

A

anterior, posterior, lateral

33
Q

where are the spinal nerves located, and how long are they?

A

intervertebral foramen; 1 cm

34
Q

which rami of certain spinal nerves represent the roots of peripheral nerves? these intermingle together and comprise the plexi/networks of what nerves?

A

anterior rami;

plexi/network of peripheral nerves

35
Q

which spinal nerves are tested using the BICEPS BRACHII?

A

C5-C6

36
Q

which spinal nerves are tested using the TRICEPS BRACHII?

A

C6-C8

37
Q

which spinal nerves are tested using the QUADRICEPS FEMORIS (KNEE JERK)

A

L2-L4

38
Q

which spinal nerves are tested using the GATROKNEMIUS (ANKLE JERK)

A

S1-S2

40
Q

which cranial nerves are used to test PUPILLARY AND ACCOMMODATION FOR NEAR VISION REFLEX?

A

sensory input: CN II (optic)

motor reaction: CN III (oculomotor), parasympathetic

41
Q

which cranial nerves are used to test CONEAL REFLEX (BLINKING UPON TOUCHING CORNEA)?

A

sensory input: CN V (trigeminal)

motor reaction: CN VII (facial), blinking

41
Q

autonomic nervous system is a part of _________ nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

42
Q

which cranial nerves are used to test GAG (PHARYNGEAL) REFLEX?

A

sensory input: CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

motor reaction: CN X (vagus), gag

43
Q

ANS represents _________ pathway to the internal organs and tissues _________ CNS

A

efferent pathway; from CNS

44
Q

ANS is divided into 2 divisions

A

sympathetic + parasympathetic

45
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have ___ neurons in their pathways to the effector organs

A

2 neurons

46
Q

what does the ANS target?

A

smooth muscles

47
Q

which reactions does the SYMPATHETIC division control?

A

“E SITUATIONS”

emergency, exercise, embarrassment

48
Q

which activities does the PARASYMPATHETIC division control?

A

“GOING BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS”

rest & regroup and/or rest & digest

49
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS are ultimately responsible for _________, and are controlled in turn by the part of the DIENCEPHALON, _________

A

homeostasis;

hypothalamus

50
Q

SYMPATHETIC division originates from

A

FIRST PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS

lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L3

51
Q

SYMPATHETIC NS is also called

A

thoracolumbar

lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-L3

52
Q

the SECOND NEURONS of the SYMPATHETIC NS are located within

A

sympathetic ganglia chains

  1. paravertebral trunk (both sides of vertebral column)
  2. prevertebral trunk (in front of vertebral column, along with path of thoracic + abdominal aorta)
53
Q

the first neurotransmitter of SNS is

A

ACh

54
Q

the second neurotransmitter of SNS is

A

norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

55
Q

HYPERTENSION is treated by

A

alpha or beta blockers (SNS receptors; a-1, a-2, b-1, b-2)

alpha: lowers pressure
beta: takes stress away from HT

56
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC division of ANS (PNS) originates by

A

preganglionic neurons

57
Q

the preganglionic neurons of PNS are located within CRANIAL NERVES ___ - ___ and SPINAL CORD LATERAL SEGMENTS _________

A

CN III, CN IV, CN IX, CN X

S2, S3, S4

58
Q

the first and second neurotransmitters of PNS are both

A

ACh

59
Q

unlike the SNS, the ganglia of the PNS pathway are located

A

very close to the effector organs or within the effector organs

61
Q

in both SNS and PNS pathways to the effector organs/tissues, the FIRST PREGANGLIONIC part is _________ and the SECOND POSTGANGLIONIC part is _________

A

myelinated (preganglionic)

unmyelinated (postganglionic)

62
Q

where are the UPPER MOTOR NEURONS located?

A

primary motor areas of

  • CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • BASAL GANGLIA
  • RETICULAR FORMATION
63
Q

where are the LOWER MOTOR NEURONS located?

A

located within the VENTRAL HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD

64
Q

if spinal reflexes are exaggerated, which motor neuron is affected/injured?

A

upper motor neuron

65
Q

where is the integrating center for all cranial REFLEXES?

A

brainstem

66
Q

what nervous system is responsible for special senses?

A

SOMATIC nervous system

67
Q

which CRANIAL NERVES are involved in control of taste sensations from tongue, pharynx, and epiglottis?

A

CN VII, IX, X

anatomy 3 (15 decks)

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