final2 Flashcards
Density dependent growth
In a population that is already established, resources begin to become scarce, and competition starts to play a role
Diapause
a period of suspended development in an insect, other invertebrate, or mammal embryo, especially during unfavorable environmental conditions
EIL
Economic injury level- The lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage
ET
Economic threshold- pest density at which you should apply a treatment to avoid economic loss- The smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs— general rule: 80% of EIL
Gall formation
Most galls are caused by irritation and/or stimulation of plant cells due to feeding or egg-laying by insects such as aphids, midges, wasps, or mites. Some galls are the result of infections by bacteria, fungi, or nematodes and are difficult to tell apart from insect-caused galls
leaf mining
Insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants
logistical model
a population’s per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity (k)
r=
intrinsic rate of increase
sap sucking
Ploephagy- High nut.
Bio accumulation
an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical’s concentration in the environment
Bio Magnification
Increase “up” food chain (trophic levels)- the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed
botanicals
a substance obtained from a plant and used as an additive. Nicotinoids, Rotenoids, Pyrethroids, Neem
carbamates
synthetic derivative of alkaloid- used as sprays or baits to kill insects by affecting their brains and nervous systems- Organic synthetic
chlorinated hydrocarbon
ex. DDT (Nerve poison) Organic synthetic
methoprene
Methoprene is a juvenile hormone analog which acts as a growth regulator when used as an insecticide
Neem
(Azadirachta Indica) the seeds and leaves of A. indica have been known to repel harmful insects from agricultural crops
nicatinoids
overstimulation of AcH receptors- contact/ gut poison, and fumigant- low mammalian toxicity
organophosphates
(Malthion)- organic synthetic-
pyrethroids
(Permethrin) Penetrate cuticle- Axonic poison (keeps Na+ channels open) used widely in mosquito control
rotenoids
From legumes- High fish toxicity
What insecticide has high fish toxicity?
Permethrin, Rotenone
What insecticide is non toxic to fish?
Neem
What is the soil life of DDT
2-10 years
what insecticide has the highest volatility?
DDT
what is more stable DDE or DDT?
DDE (lipophilic)
where is the logistic model most valuable?
Mono agriculture
EIL is a density we can sample, what are the 3 rules to this
1- must be random
2- proportion of pest pop. in a random sample must be reasonably consistent
3- sampling unit must be readily convertible into “unit areas”
Law of tolerance
the distribution of a species will be limited by that factor for which that animal has the narrowest range of tolerability
what is Phoresy?
“Hitchhiking”
What order does cotton cushion scale belong to?
Hemiptera
what predator was brought back from Australia to combat CCS- and didn’t die out
the lady bird beetle (first biocontrol)
What drives the change in locusts?
JH (from N1 to N5)
Soliteria does?
has diapause eggs
Gregaria does?
no diapause eggs
Gregaria exhibit what type of flight?
“Vegetative flight”- swarm and fly into each other keeps a large mass
What is NEEM MOA
blocks the synthesis and release of ecdysteroids
what are the organic synthases
chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate, carbamates
what are the inorganic synthases
Arsenicals
what are the 4 botanicals
Nicotinoid, rotenoids, pyrethroids, Neem
