Final - Yugoslavia

Question 1

what was the dayton accords

Answer 1

Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (November - December 1995)

Question 2

what was the motivation to follow through with a peace treaty

Answer 2

After Srebrenica in July, Operation
Storm in August when Croatians
re-took the Krajina, and NATO
airstrikes also in August on
Bosnian Serb positions around
Sarajevo, the US persuaded
Bosnian Serbs Karadžić and Mladić
to end the siege of Sarajevo

Question 3

When and where did they confer for the peace treaty

Answer 3

November1, 1995, a peace conference began at Wright-Patterson Airforce Base in Dayton, Ohio.

Question 4

participants of these peace meeting?

Answer 4

BosnianPresident Izetbegović, Serbian President Milošević, Croatian
President Tudjman, representatives from the US, UK, France, Germany,
Italy, Russia and the EU

Question 5

What was the general framework for the dayton accords

Answer 5

Bosnia and Hercegovina would be made up of the
Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina and Republika
Srpska, with a central government and rotating
President and other offices

Question 6

what did parties agree to regarding sovereign equality

Answer 6

All parties agreed to respect the sovereign equality of
each other and settle disagreements by peaceful
means
Also agreed to respect human rights and rights of
refugees and displaced persons, and to investigate
and prosecute war crime

Question 7

How would peace be monitored?

Answer 7

A NATO Implementation Force (IFOR) would take over
from UNPROFOR and other international agencies
would also be involved in monitoring the peace

Question 8

what is Greater Serbia?

Answer 8

Unification of all Serbs within a single, ethnically homogenous
state – Serbia

Question 9

how was this idea of Greater Serbia supposed to be implemented?

Answer 9

Incorporate all regions outside Serbia that were of
historical significance to Serbs and cleanse them of
non-Serb inhabitant

Question 10

what would be the fuse to that?

Answer 10

Milošević saw Croatian Serbs as the “fuse” that
would allow Greater Serbia to be constructed out of
the ruins of Yugoslavia

Question 11

what did ICTY stand for?

Answer 11

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (established by UN in 1993)

Question 11

how was greater serbia getting achieved?

Answer 11

Multi-party elections in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia in
1990
Knin referendum on Serb autonomy in Croatian Krajina in
1990
Communist Party of Yugoslavia comes apart, and state
parties “rebrand”

Question 12

jurisdiction of the ICTY

Answer 12

The ICTY had jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia after 1991

Question 12

key cases that ICTY judged

Answer 12

Some of the most notable cases include those of Slobodan Milošević (former President of Serbia), Radovan Karadžić (Bosnian Serb political leader), and Ratko Mladić (Bosnian Serb military commander).

Question 13

legacy of ICTY

Answer 13

The ICTY played a crucial role in establishing the principle that individuals could be held criminally responsible for serious violations of international law.

Question 14

what did SFRY stand for?

Answer 14

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a country that existed from the end of World War II until its breakup in the early 1990s.
The SFRY was established in 1945, following the liberation of Yugoslavia from Axis occupation during World War II

Question 15

formation of SFRY

Answer 15

The SFRY was formed on November 29, 1945, as a socialist federation of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.

Question 16

political system of SFRY

Answer 16

The country adopted a socialist system under the leadership of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, headed by Josip Broz Tito. Tito, who led the Partisan resistance against Axis forces during World War II, became the President of Yugoslavia and played a key role in shaping its political course.

Question 17

breakup of SFRY

Answer 17

In the early 1990s, Yugoslavia faced political and economic challenges, as well as rising ethnic tensions. The dissolution of the SFRY began with the secession of Slovenia and Croatia in 1991, followed by the subsequent breakup of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro.

Question 18

wars of SFRY succession

Answer 18

The breakup of Yugoslavia was accompanied by a series of conflicts, including the Croatian War of Independence, the Bosnian War, and the Kosovo War. These conflicts resulted in significant human rights abuses, including war crimes and genocide.

Question 19

legacy of SFRY

Answer 19

The dissolution of Yugoslavia had profound and lasting effects on the region. It led to the creation of several independent states, each with its own political and economic trajectory. The breakup was also marked by ethnic conflicts and humanitarian crises, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Question 20

what does UNPROFOR stand for

Answer 20

United Nations Protection Force, was a multinational peacekeeping force deployed in the former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav Wars.

Question 21

formation of UNPROFOR

Answer 21

UNPROFOR was established in February 1992 by the United Nations Security Council in response to the escalating conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Its primary mandate was to help implement ceasefires and create conditions for the delivery of humanitarian aid.

Question 22

areas of UNPROFOR’s influence

Answer 22

UNPROFOR’s mission covered different regions within the former Yugoslavia, including Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It operated in areas affected by the Croatian War of Independence, the Bosnian War, and other conflicts.

Question 23

UNPROFOR’s safe areas

Answer 23

UNPROFOR was involved in the establishment of “safe areas” in Bosnia and Herzegovina, such as Srebrenica, Žepa, Goražde, Tuzla, and Sarajevo. However, the effectiveness of these safe areas came under scrutiny as some of them, including Srebrenica, later witnessed significant violence and atrocities.

Question 24

NATO involvement with UNPROFOR

Answer 24

NATO became involved in the former Yugoslavia during UNPROFOR’s mission. In 1995, NATO launched Operation Deliberate Force, a series of airstrikes against Bosnian Serb positions in response to the Srebrenica massacre and other atrocities.

Question 25

who were the targets of this ethnic cleansing

Answer 25

During the Yugoslav Wars, various ethnic and religious groups were targeted, with the conflicts often taking on a sectarian and nationalist dimension. The most notable examples include the targeting of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Croats, and Serbs, depending on the region and the parties involved.

Question 25

definition of ethnic cleansing

Answer 25

Ethnic cleansing refers to the deliberate and systematic removal or elimination of a particular ethnic, religious, or racial group from a specific geographic area with the intention of creating a homogeneous or ethnically pure territory.

Question 26

international response to ethnic cleansing

Answer 26

The reports of ethnic cleansing and widespread atrocities in the former Yugoslavia prompted international condemnation. The United Nations and the international community took various actions, including the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), to hold those responsible for war crimes and genocide accountable.

Question 26

Srebrenica massacre as an example of ethnic cleansing

Answer 26

One of the most infamous instances of ethnic cleansing during the Yugoslav Wars was the Srebrenica massacre in July 1995. Bosnian Serb forces, led by General Ratko Mladić, systematically killed over 8,000 Bosniak men and boys in the town of Srebrenica. The massacre has been recognized as an act of genocide by international courts.