Final - Holocaust Flashcards
when were the nuremberg race laws enacted?
september 15 1935
where were they enacted?
at a special meeting of the reichstag
what special event was the day they were enacted?
during annual nuremberg rally of the nazi party
What were the names of the laws?
reich citizenship law
law for the protection of german blood and german honor
what did the reich citizenship law do?
declared that german citizenship was awarded only to subjects of “german or kindred blood”
what did the law for the protection of german blood and german honor do?
forbade marriage and sexual relations between jews and those of “german or kindred blood”
what was the first thing article 2 of the reich citizenship law stated?
a reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of german or related blood, and provides by his conduct that he is willing and fit to faithfully serve the german people and reich
what was the second thing article 2 of the reich citizenship law stated?
reich citizenship is acquired through the granting of a reich citizenship certificate
what was the third thing article 2 of the reich citizenship law stated?
the reich citizen is the sole bearer of full political rights in accordance with the law
what was the first thing that the law for the protection of german blood and honor stated?
marriages between jews and citizens of german or related blood are forbidden. marriages nevertheless concluded are invalid, even if
concluded abroad to circumvent this law.
what was the second thing that the law for the protection of german blood and honor stated?
extramarital relations between Jews and citizens of German or related
blood are forbidden
what was the third thing that the law for the protection of german blood and honor stated?
Jews may not employ in their households female citizens of German
or related blood who are under 45 years old.
what was the fourth thing that the law for the protection of german blood and honor stated?
Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich or national flag or display Reich
colors. They are, on the other hand, permitted to display the Jewish
colors. The exercise of this right is protected by the state.
nuremburg laws racial chart
From “German-blooded” to “Mischling” to “Jew.”
what is a mischling?
someone with one or two jewish grandparents
what were some of the questions that remained regarding the racial chart?
How do you define the
Jewishness of a grandparent?
Are the Nazis unique in such classifications by
“race”?
what served as a basis for the nuremberg laws?
US laws as nazis studied how US citizenship and immigration law treated african americans, native americans, filipinos, and others
when was the opening for the first nazi camp and what was the name of it?
march 22, 1933 and it was called Dachau
what were the three types of nazi camps
concentration camps, slave labor camps, and extermination camps (killing centers)
what was auschwitz?
one of the many nazi-established camps and was the largest of the small number of killing centers
what was the expansion of the camp system during the war?
there were approximately 40,000 camps during the war.
how many people died at auschwitz and in the extermination camps in total?
approximately 1 million jews were killed in the auschwitz complex alone and in total it was 2.75 million that died
how did the nazi camp system originate?
it originated as a way to repress their political opponents such as communists and socialists but evolved to those they deemed lesser than them such as jews.
what is the intentionalist debate?
argue that Hitler had a clear plan for systematic extermination from the start and that he was the integral part of the holocaust
what is the functionalist debate?
the genocide evolved through bureaucratic processes and improvisation due to society’s weaknesses without a preconceived master plan
what were some flaws of the intentionalism debate?
minimizes the roles that nazi-germany’s confederates played and oversimplifies the many factors that added to the holocaust other than Hitler
what were some flaws of the functionalist debate?
overlooks consistent anti-semitic policies and laws as well as minimizes the blame that can be put on Hitler even as the leader of this genocide
what perspective should we have on the holocaust?
a modified-intentionalist view of the holocaust fits it best
what is the modified-intentionalist debate?
it acknowledges that there was no straight-forward plan to kill the jews in the early stages of the holocaust but nazism’s dream of a world without jews being possible made it so they would try to achieve it and radicalized their plans to pursue it
what are einsatzgruppen?
mobile killing units that were known for their role of political mass shootings during the holocaust
who were the main targets of einsatzgruppen?
jews, poles (polish people), and communists
when did the first wave of einsatzgruppen begin?
1941
how many battalions of einsatzgruppen?
4 battalions
how many men total in einsatzgruppen?
3000 to 500 men
who were the einsatzgruppen mainly composed of?
the officers were educated nazi-party members while the rank-and-file were more diverse in their backgrounds
how many waves of einsatzgruppen?
2 waves
what does volksgemeinschaft mean?
racial community/nation of germany: “racially” and “biologically” pure society
what was volksgemeinschaft meant for?
social revolution and was part of the reshaping of germany in 1930s along with political and cultural revolution
aspects of volksgemeinschaft?
Individuals were subordinated to the Volk (or
Nation)
unified society with no division
what were the two key components of volksgemeinschaft?
race and space
Race and Volksgemeinschaft?
the aryan race (master race) and a nordic aesthetic
Race and Scientific “Legitimacy” of volksgemeinschaft
founded on the ideas of a Racialized nation using aspects of social darwinism and eugenics as well as finding race as the motor of history
what does “Blut und Boden” mean?
blood and soil
Space and Volksgemeinschaft
focused on the idea of blut und boden where they had a right to the “germanic” land due to their blood
what was the significance Lebensraum (living space) in volksgemeinschaft
justification for war in the east as they have a need to expand their territory and was the basis for nazi foreign policy
what does volksgenossen mean?
national comrades
Belonging: Defining the Racial Nation in volksgemeinschaft
established a war of national comrades (volksgenossen) against aliens/enemies
Social “Contamination” and
“Asocials”/“Aliens” in volksgemeinschaft
Targeted Groups: Jews;
differently-abled; Roma/Sinti;
Homosexuals; Jehovah’s
Witnesses; people of color
what caused the formation of volksgemeinschaft
legacy of ww1 including the Treaty of Versailles and “stab-in-the-back” myth where they accused jews of betraying them as well as the russian revolution that caused a threat of communism
what is Judeo-Bolshevism?
It falsely claims that Jews were disproportionately involved in the establishment and leadership of communist, linking Judaism with Bolshevism (the early phase of Soviet communism).
when was the invasion of the soviet union by germany?
1941
what is the name of this invasion of the soviet union?
operation barborossa
what was germany’s invasion of soviet union’s main goal?
Racial War against “Judeo-Bolshevism”
what did the invasion of the soviet union mark?
marked the start of the genocide of against european jews
