Final > Trends in Vaccine-Preventable Disease (Book ch. 8)

Question 1

For which disease mentioned in the book do no national vaccination targets for disease reduction exist?

Answer 1

Influenza (they do mention maintaining 95% coverage in health care staff though).

Question 2

In Canada, what administration has the authority for licensure and safety monitoring of new vaccines? Is this provincial or federal?

Answer 2

Health Canada, which is a federal administration.

Question 3

What is the role of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI)?

Answer 3

To provide guidance to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) regarding vaccine use, surveillance, and research

Question 4

What is the role of the Canadian Immunization Committee (CIC)?

Answer 4

To develop common disease/immunization goals and work to implement the National Immunization Strategy.

Question 5

What is the purpose of the National Immunization Strategy (NIS)?

Answer 5

To address inequalities between P/T, ensure vaccine supply, address public concern. Additionally, the NIS guides P/T in implementing vaccinations.

Question 6

How are vaccines delivered in BC and Ontario?

Answer 6

In physician-operated clinics.

Question 7

How are vaccines delivered in Alberta?

Answer 7

By a nurse in a community-based public-health clinic.

Question 8

How are vaccines delivered in Quebec?

Answer 8

With cheese. Jk its a combination of physician-run and nurse-run clinics.

Question 9

How do First Nations living on reserves receive vaccinations?

Answer 9

Either federally or through individual First Nations band administration.

Question 10

How do the differences in immunization strategies between provinces contribute to vaccine hesitancy?

Answer 10

People wonder why another province doesn’t think that vaccine is important, and in turn why any of them are important. Some see it as a money grab.

Question 11

What affect does the lack of public funding for a vaccine have on public perception?

Answer 11

People think “If the government doesn’t think its important enough to pay for then why should I?”.

Question 12

In Canada, which provinces have mandatory school vaccinations?

Answer 12

Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba.

Question 13

Define the term “immunosenescence” as it relates to vaccination.

Answer 13

Reduction of immunity in people >65 years old can require specific vaccinations (ex: shingles).

Question 14

What are examples of ways that provinces and territories (P/T) track immunization coverage?

Answer 14

• Personal booklets
• Physician’s billing date
• Phone/postal surveys
• Online registry

Question 15

What countries currently have national vaccination registries?

Answer 15

Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Denmark.

Question 16

What is “Panorama” in terms of Canadian healthcare?

Answer 16

A planned national registry for immunization data that was funded in 2004 but never completed.

Question 17

What are some limitations of the National Immunization Coverage Survey (NCIS) conducted bi-annually in Canada?

Answer 17

• Inaccurate self-reporting
• Small sample sizes
• Low response rates
• Ongoing changes in methodology
• Under-representation of 1st Nations

Question 18

How many cases of measles occur worldwide each year? How many deaths?

Answer 18

~20 mil. ~200 000 deaths per year.

Question 19

What are the typical symptoms of measles?

Answer 19

• High fever
• Cough, runny nose, sore throat
• Rashes

Question 20

Which of the following diseases is a major cause of blindness: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Smallpox.

Answer 20

Measles.

Question 21

What is the most common medical complication of measles infection?

Answer 21

Secondary infection with pneumonia.

Question 22

When was a vaccine for measles first developed? When was it incorporated into the trivalent MMR vaccine?

Answer 22

Developed in 1963, incorporated into the MMR in 1996.

Question 23

What led to the 2014 measles outbreak in BC? Where in BC did this occur?

Answer 23

The outbreak occurred in Chilliwack because members of the Dutch Reform Church decided against vaccination.

Question 24

What are the typical symptoms of pertussis?

Answer 24

• Fever
• Whooping cough
• Vomiting

Question 25

Is pertussis endemic in Canada? What about measles? Poliomyelitis?

Answer 25

Pertussis: yes
Measles: nope
Polio: Hell nah

Question 26

Compared with pertussis infection, what are the potential side effects of vaccination?

Answer 26

• 20-40% minor swelling
• 3-5% fever
• 1/10000 experience febrile seizures

Question 27

When did the public vaccination program for polio begin in Canada?

Answer 27

1955.

Question 28

How is poliomyelitis spread?

Answer 28

Fecal-oral route (wastewater or contaminated people or food).

Question 29

How does poliomyelitis infection affect the body?

Answer 29

Virus spreads from GI tract to the lymph nodes, then to the blood and eventually the nervous system.

Question 30

What percentage of poliomyelitus infections cause paralysis?

Answer 30

<1%.

Question 31

What are the 3 types of paralysis caused by poliomyelitis?

Answer 31

1. Spinal polio (legs/spine)
2. Bulbar polio (brain)
3. Bulbar/spinal polio (both)

Question 32

When was the Salk inactivated vaccine for poliomyelitis developed?

Answer 32

1955.

Question 33

In Canada, what religious group has been the focus of recent disease outbreaks that were thought to be all but eradicated?

Answer 33

The Dutch Reform Church.

Question 34

Why would the % coverage maybe lead health authorities to believe outbreaks were less likely than they are?

Answer 34

A % coverage which averages the province as a whole cannot accurately represent a local area. For example, the provincial average might be 85%, but in Duncan coverage may be as low as 30%.