Final > Trends in Vaccine-Preventable Disease (Book ch. 8) Flashcards
For which disease mentioned in the book do no national vaccination targets for disease reduction exist?
Influenza (they do mention maintaining 95% coverage in health care staff though).
In Canada, what administration has the authority for licensure and safety monitoring of new vaccines? Is this provincial or federal?
Health Canada, which is a federal administration.
What is the role of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI)?
To provide guidance to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) regarding vaccine use, surveillance, and research
What is the role of the Canadian Immunization Committee (CIC)?
To develop common disease/immunization goals and work to implement the National Immunization Strategy.
What is the purpose of the National Immunization Strategy (NIS)?
To address inequalities between P/T, ensure vaccine supply, address public concern. Additionally, the NIS guides P/T in implementing vaccinations.
How are vaccines delivered in BC and Ontario?
In physician-operated clinics.
How are vaccines delivered in Alberta?
By a nurse in a community-based public-health clinic.
How are vaccines delivered in Quebec?
With cheese. Jk its a combination of physician-run and nurse-run clinics.
How do First Nations living on reserves receive vaccinations?
Either federally or through individual First Nations band administration.
How do the differences in immunization strategies between provinces contribute to vaccine hesitancy?
People wonder why another province doesn’t think that vaccine is important, and in turn why any of them are important. Some see it as a money grab.
What affect does the lack of public funding for a vaccine have on public perception?
People think “If the government doesn’t think its important enough to pay for then why should I?”.
In Canada, which provinces have mandatory school vaccinations?
Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba.
Define the term “immunosenescence” as it relates to vaccination.
Reduction of immunity in people >65 years old can require specific vaccinations (ex: shingles).
What are examples of ways that provinces and territories (P/T) track immunization coverage?
- Personal booklets
- Physician’s billing date
- Phone/postal surveys
- Online registry
What countries currently have national vaccination registries?
Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Denmark.
What is “Panorama” in terms of Canadian healthcare?
A planned national registry for immunization data that was funded in 2004 but never completed.
What are some limitations of the National Immunization Coverage Survey (NCIS) conducted bi-annually in Canada?
- Inaccurate self-reporting
- Small sample sizes
- Low response rates
- Ongoing changes in methodology
- Under-representation of 1st Nations
How many cases of measles occur worldwide each year? How many deaths?
~20 mil. ~200 000 deaths per year.
What are the typical symptoms of measles?
- High fever
- Cough, runny nose, sore throat
- Rashes
Which of the following diseases is a major cause of blindness: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Smallpox.
Measles.
What is the most common medical complication of measles infection?
Secondary infection with pneumonia.
When was a vaccine for measles first developed? When was it incorporated into the trivalent MMR vaccine?
Developed in 1963, incorporated into the MMR in 1996.
What led to the 2014 measles outbreak in BC? Where in BC did this occur?
The outbreak occurred in Chilliwack because members of the Dutch Reform Church decided against vaccination.
What are the typical symptoms of pertussis?
- Fever
- Whooping cough
- Vomiting
Is pertussis endemic in Canada? What about measles? Poliomyelitis?
Pertussis: yes
Measles: nope
Polio: Hell nah
Compared with pertussis infection, what are the potential side effects of vaccination?
- 20-40% minor swelling
- 3-5% fever
- 1/10000 experience febrile seizures
When did the public vaccination program for polio begin in Canada?
1955.
How is poliomyelitis spread?
Fecal-oral route (wastewater or contaminated people or food).
How does poliomyelitis infection affect the body?
Virus spreads from GI tract to the lymph nodes, then to the blood and eventually the nervous system.
What percentage of poliomyelitus infections cause paralysis?
<1%.
What are the 3 types of paralysis caused by poliomyelitis?
- Spinal polio (legs/spine)
- Bulbar polio (brain)
- Bulbar/spinal polio (both)
When was the Salk inactivated vaccine for poliomyelitis developed?
1955.
In Canada, what religious group has been the focus of recent disease outbreaks that were thought to be all but eradicated?
The Dutch Reform Church.
Why would the % coverage maybe lead health authorities to believe outbreaks were less likely than they are?
A % coverage which averages the province as a whole cannot accurately represent a local area. For example, the provincial average might be 85%, but in Duncan coverage may be as low as 30%.
