Final test GET IT Flashcards
Definition of Counterespionage
Detects and disrupts espionage usually secretly
Two basic elements of CE.
Protecting secrets from disclosure.
Thwarting foreign intelligence ops.
Difference between “security” and “CE”
“S”- minimizes vulnerability to espionage some relatively overt. Government wide.
CE- Detects and disrupts espionage usually secretly
Basic functions of security
Personnel, physical, information. Common assumption: always a threat
Personnel security
Background. polygraph. update checks.
Security information
seeks to protect.
Confidentiality of US policy.
Information giving US potential advantage.
Sources methods for future use.
Information Security
restrict access based on a need to know basis. Like classified. On clearance system.. Compartmentalization
New challenge of information security
need to share
The classification system does what
Compartmentation.
Unclassified. Confidential. secret. top secret.
Damage. Serious damage. Grave damage.
Secrets as a public issue
open to stay accountable. Secret to keep info safe.
Overclassification. classification time limits.
Challenge of leaks
unapproved disclosure of secret information. can also be unclassified.
Challenge of CI
Finding people who are trained to stay hidden.
Time foe and helpful.
overlap with HUMINT.
Suspicions into investigations.
Lots of personnel with access to information.
gains as a spy.
Moles double agents.
CI defense
Personnel security.
Assessment of HUMINT sources.
Training and retraining of personnel.
CI offense
Gaining knowledge of other countries intel services. difficult collect analysis challenges.
Trying to disrupt espionage before anything large happens
People of CI
Ames, Hanssen, Walker family. all spies.
Importance of CI
Human nature is always a factor.
Foreign gov capabilities unlikely to decline.
Multinational sharing.
Technology risk of putting too much out there and then not enough, balancing.
Reason for Congressional oversight
same for rest of gov. external monitoring of intelligence done mainly by congress.
Accountability.
Investigate.
CONG oversight since 1970’s
Revolution church and pike.
Bried of Allende made congress feel misled.
Hughs Ryan amendment for CA
Revolution
1970’s Church- senate, Pike- house.
time of troubles and crown jewels.
resulted in permanent oversight committee.
SSCI
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
HPSCI
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
Key hill Committees
House and Senate Appropriations Committees(Authorizers vs. Appropriators) Armed Services Committees.
House and Senate leadership.
Means of Oversight.
See this and it equals what?
Also for who?
THrough what>
Budget Process. Review programs. Review of specific programs •Including covert action •Special investigations •Nomination confirmations •Regular receipt of intelligence
Budget process For? THrough? Why? Does what and what? To promote what? Bad to others when? A part of? Random thing to remember? Action?
Principal means for review •Hearings, briefings, and “QFR’s” •How funds being spent •Direction and management of programs Principal means for leverage •Changing budget allocations •To promote particular programs, ideas •As penalty for not listening to Hill advice •Congressionally Directed Actions •“Fencing” funds •Holding up funding action
Review of specific programs
Prompted by what?
Through what techniques?
Cases?
Done as part of–or outside–budget process
•Often prompted by specific issues
•E.g., 9-11, Iraq WMD; NSA domestic programs
•Staff investigations
•Hearings
•Reports/recommendations
Review of covert action a part of what?
A key what?
What happened in 1991?
Part of budget process, but also done on regular basis
•Key role of notification process
•Since 1991, tougher standards for justification, obeying law
What is Receipt of finished intelligence?
To Who?
Example?
Congress a major intel consumer: •Finished intelligence •Regular briefings to key members •Ad hoc briefings for other members •Annual reports and briefings •E.g., DNI “Worldwide Threat Briefing”
Issues – Congressional side
the issue. The politics of it.
Absorbing information •The monitoring function •Understanding the issues •Staying on top of developments •Seeking a more thorough approach •Efforts to improve Keeping politics in its appropriate place: •Proper vs. improper use of intelligence •Issue for both Administration, Congress •Preventing unauthorized release of data •Impact of the media
Strategic intelligence defined
A subset of “national-level” intelligence
•“Strategic” often confused with “national”
•All-source assessment of trends or developments of major importance to US security
“Mysteries”
“Mysteries” – questions having no definite answer (yet)
•Developments that may or may not occur
•Foreign actors may not yet know the answer
“puzzles”
Puzzles: questions requiring hard info
•Secrets sometimes provide “missing piece”
•Might be more tactical, short-term
History of national estimates (NIE) process origin Molded by Created the what from it attached to who? Developed what?
Origins: 1948 Berlin crisis
•Molded by warning failures in Korea
•Creation of the Office of National Estimates (O/NE)
•Attached to CIA/Directorate of Intelligence
•Developed the “art form” that exists today
who produces NIE’s
National Intelligence Council. Chairman reports to the DNI •National Intelligence Officers (NIO’s) •Specific regions or functional topics •Lead drafting, coordination •Major link with non-government experts
The estimates process
Initiation of NIE •Usually requested by senior policymaker or intelligence official •Some are part of recurring series •Chairman/NIC selects NIO to chair •NIO selects a drafter
