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anthropology Quiz #2 > FINAL TEST > Flashcards

FINAL TEST Flashcards

1
Q

HOMINID EVOULTION

A
  • OVER 6MYA first hominids appeared

* about 2.5 mya human line spilt

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2
Q

ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECIES

A

*One line developed big molar/pre molar teeth for chewing became extinct about 1 mya These are Robust australopithecines

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3
Q

GRACILE AUSTRALOPIHECINES

A

The other line developed larger brain, smaller teeth, smaller faces
started using stone tools

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4
Q

Anatomically modern humans (Homosapiens) are about 160kya

A

Hominid lie spilt from ape line 5-7 mya
sahelanthropus tehadenisis at 6-7 may
ardipithecus ramidus/kadabba at 5.8-5.2 mya
Orrin Hugeness at 6mya
First Australopithecus appears at 4.2mya

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5
Q

-3. 2.5 may two lies of hominids evolved

A

Robust Austrlopot(paranthropus) with larger bad teeth, and huge powerful jaws
-Gracile Austlop have smaller back teethed jaws
applies to the boy in their heads.(skul) for robust and gracile
-2.5 myz first evidence of genus Homo

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6
Q

HOMO HABILIS

A

Brian is 1/2 of modern humans.

stone tools for scavenging animals flesh

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7
Q

BIRTHPLACE TO MODERN HOMINIDS

A

AFRICA

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8
Q

5 LOCATION OF MAJOR HOMINID SITES

A
  • CHAD
  • ETHIOPIA
  • KENYA
  • TARZANIA
  • SOUTH AFRICA
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9
Q

GREAT RIFT VALLEY

A

plate techtonics

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10
Q

EARLY SPECIES

7 EARLY HOMINID SPECIES EXISTED PRIOR 3 MYA

A

1) SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENISIS( (6-7 MYA)
2) ORRORIN TUGENESIS ( 6 MYA)
3) ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS (5.8-52 MYA)
4) ARDIPITHECUS KADABBBA ( 5.6-5.8 MYA)
5) AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS ( 4.2-3.8 MYA)
6) AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS (4-3 MYA)
7) KENYAPITHECUS PLATYOPS (3.5-3.2 MYA)

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11
Q

1) SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENISIS (6-7mya)

A
  • (only cranial remains) there is a debate to whether it really was bipedal
  • very small cranium (320-380 cc) seem size as a chimp
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12
Q

2) ORRORIN TUGENEISIS (6 mya)

A
  • found in 6 mya sediment

* Femur suggested Bipedal, but arms and bones suggest lived in tress

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13
Q

The Savannah hypothesis

A

Historically it was believed that bipedalism evolved on the open Savannah. however modernly we know that isn’t true (the savannah hypothesis) it is now understood that bipedalism evolved in thickly wooded forest

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14
Q

4) ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA

A

Based on teeth found 2001/2002 int the Middle Awash, Ethiopia Date to 5.6-5.8 mya

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15
Q

5) AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMNESE

A

(4.3-8mya)
bipedalism
Ancestral apelike characteristics
again ancestral (ape like) and derived (bipedalism) features are mixed, showing that all these features did not arise at the same time. (Mosaic Evolution)
A. Anamensis may be a direct line to later hominids

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16
Q

6) AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS

A

LUCY was one
pelvic bones ad femur clearly indicated bipedalism
bipedalism =hominid
laetoil footprints: these footprints from 3.75 mya shows characteristics associated with bipedalism
Diastema : a gap between the teeth (between incisors and canines for primates)
has Prognathism: the projection/protrusion of the lower face

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17
Q

7) KENYATHROPUS PLAYTOPS(3.5-3.2 mya)

A

means “flat face man from kenya”

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18
Q

MARY LEAKEY:

A

illustrator that got famous for discovering Robust

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19
Q

DONALD JOHANSON:

A

discoverd Lucy

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20
Q

“ROBUST”

A

only refers to teeth

21
Q

THE 3 SPECIES OF ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINES 3

A

1.) Australopithecus (paranthropus) aethiopicus (E. africa)
2.) Australopithecus (paranthropus) boise (E. Africa)
3. ) Australopithecus (paranothropus) robust (S.Africa)
all 3 went extinct by 1mya no ancestral to modern humans

22
Q

2 SPECIES OF GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECINES

A

Australopithecus Africanas > south Africa Taung child

Australopithecus Afarensis> East Africa > Lucy

23
Q

Raymond Dart: 1924

A

Discoverd the first Austalopithecus> Taung Child

Died 5-7 years

24
Q

Taphonomy:

A

study of how a site is formed. archeological not paleontology

25
Q

Australopithecus.Garhi

A

Stone tools were found at the same site along with tool marks on animal bones, the strongest evidence for tool use among any australopithecine species

26
Q

Homo/(Australopithecus?) Habilis

A

some have suggested there are multiple species lumped into the category
(small=H. habilis , large= rudolfensis ) not all of whom are our direct ancestors

27
Q

6 model for the evolution of bipedalism

A
  1. tool use
    2.predator avoidance (however even meerkats do this)
  2. locomotor efficancy
  3. temperature regulation
    5.caring (baby/food)
  4. harvesting
    standing might be the reason why we became bipedal, NOT walking
    not true b/c we don’t evolve to do a job, but these are things that we were able to do as we became bipedal
28
Q

stone Tools

A

at least 2.5 mya( this date isn’t set bc of the debate of active hammer and passive hammer technique)
archeology, not paleontology bc they are not bones

29
Q

STONE TOOLS DATE BACK TO 2.5 MYA

3 major stone tool technologies

A
  1. Oldowa( olduwan)
  2. Acheulean
  3. Mousterian (Neanderthals)
30
Q

active hammer and Passive

A

Active hammer
one person attempts to create a tool by sitting down and hammering it
passive
PASSIVE :
a man can throw a core (rock) which shatters and becomes a tool

31
Q

MARKS ON THE BONE

A

stone tools leave “V shape” marks on bone
Teeth leaves “ U shape “ marks on bone
*people probably scavenged for meat because an annual would be the first to killed by an animal, and then the ppl would use stone tools to remove the meat

32
Q

SKELETON

A 
CRANIAL MATERIAL 
 Everything associated with the skull (even teeth)
SKULL1.made up of cranium+ mandible 
2.nuchal crest
  *ridge on back of the skull where neck muscles are attached
3.sagital crest
  *attached chewing muscles
4.zygomatic  arch *cheek bone
POSTCRANIAL MATERIAL>  ligaments hold bone together 
tendons attach muscle to bone
spine>  Neck > *  cervical vertebrae
THORACIC VERTEBRAE > attached to the ribs
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE > lower back
PELVIS >2 ill >1 sacrum (tail bone)
ARMS >humerus > ulna  >radius
WRIST > carpals
HANDS >metacarpals
FINGERS  >phalanges 
LEGS >femur (thigh) >tibia >Fibia
ANKLE >tarsals >FOOT> metatarsals>TOES >phalanges
33
Q

Emergence of the genus homo

A

1.8 mya Homo Erectus derived (homo ergaster)
Homo erectus/egaster was The first hominid to leave Africa
-Homo Ergaster: Africa (2 MYA)
Homo Erectus: Asia (1MAYA)

34
Q

Eugene dubois

A

found the first H.Erectus

35
Q

PILTDOWN (HOAX

A

assumption kept it out the family tree at first
someone buries a really old skull and thing in piltdown England to try to prove that the english were the oldest human species

36
Q

Nariokotome boy

A

(strapping youth) was a 12 yr old boy that was really tall

1.6 mya died

37
Q

5 Cultural Behaviors

A

Stone tools H ergaster/erectus became much more complicated than H/A habilis
cooperative hunters
caves temporary shelter
fire cooking and warmth

38
Q

Homofloresiensis

A

AKA HOBITTS

39
Q

Archaic homo sapiens (AHS): REFERS TO EARLY HOMO SAPIENS WHICH ARE NOT YET ANATOMICALLY MODERN IN FORM

3 Archaic homo sapiens

A
  1. H. Heidelberhenis-all of the old world (Asia, Africa)
  2. H. Antecessor - W Europe
  3. H. Neanderthalensis - E+W Europe &Middle East
    * we mapped %65 of their DNA
    * we share %2 of their DNA
40
Q

distribution of sites

A

AHS fossil range fro 800-35 cya

41
Q

Frankfort horizontal (plane)

A

proper orientation of the skull

42
Q

Neanderthals: europe and Middle east

4 neanderthal features

A
  1. Larger brains 1465cc largest brain out of all of the
  2. Occipital bun: the back of the skull protrudes
  3. Mid facial: prognathism
  4. Retromolar: behind the last molar
    * the first skull found was called la chapelle neanderthal
43
Q

NEANDERTHAL TOOLS

A

Neanderthal tools knows as Mousterian

44
Q

Anatomically modern homo sapiens

A

by 28 kay , all fossils are anatomically modern homo sapiens in form
are found all over the world
oldest sites are from S and E Africa and date between 90 and 160 kay
sites in the middle east date back to 92 kya

KUNG are the oldest human population

45
Q

Multiregionalism vs Replacement

THESE ARE ALL THEORIES OF HOW HUMANS POPULATED THE EARTH

A

Mulitiregional hypothesis, Regional Continuity, Regional coalescence humans evolved simultaneously in different regions

  1. Out of Africa, Mitochondrial eve, replacement Hypothesis, garden of eden
    * more likely, all evolved in Africa, and replaced other specie
  2. MOSTLY out of Africa Hypothesis
    * most believed
46
Q

epochs

A 
Pliocene epoch :65-54 mya B.p
primate like changes
Eocene epoch: 54-34 mya B.p
first primate (primative prosimians)
fist anthropoids
Oligocene epoch : 34 -5 may
Radiation of anthropoids
Miocene epoch: 23-5 mya B.p
radiation of easy apes, divergence of apes 
Divergence of apes ad hominids
47
Q

foraman magnum

A

the hole in the base of the skull through witch the spinal cod passes

48
Q

Australopitheies (2 types robust and graclie

A 
earliest confirmed hominids
-confined to africa
-bipedal
multiple species some living simultaneously 
-relatively small brains (400-500 cc)

anthropology Quiz #2 (2 decks)

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