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a&p > final test > Flashcards

final test Flashcards

1
Q

vertebral canal

A

all of the vertebral foramina

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

part of central nervous system (CNS) within the vertebral canal

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3
Q

spine

A

the bone part - chain of vertebrae

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4
Q

vertebral column

A

chain of vertebrae - same as spine

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5
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

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6
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

26

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7
Q

where does the spinal cord start?

A

at the foramen magnum - in occipital bone

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8
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

where does the first spinal nerve come from?

A

between atlas and occipital bone

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10
Q

where do the last 2 spinal nerves come from?

A

sacral hiatus

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11
Q

what is the conus medulary?

A

where the spinal cord ends

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12
Q

what is the C1 named after?

A

bone below it

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13
Q

starting from T1 how are spinal nerves named?

A

bone above the nerve

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14
Q

how many holes are in the sacrum?

A

4

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15
Q

where does the last sacral nerve come from?

A

sacral hiatus - end of the sacrum

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16
Q

what two spinal nerves come out of the sacral hiatus?

A

S5 and CO1

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17
Q

where do the nerves come from other than S5 and CO1?

A

intervertebral foramina

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18
Q

what are the spinal nerves names?

A 
C 1-8
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5
CO 1
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19
Q

How many C vertebrae?

A

7

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20
Q

How many C nerves?

A

8

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21
Q

What is the cervical part of the spinal cord continuous with?

A

medulla oblongata

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22
Q

where is the cervical part of the spinal cord located?

A

in the vertebral canal formed by the cervical vertebrae

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23
Q

what does the cervical part of the spinal cord contain?

A

neurons whose neurons contribute to spinal nerves C1-C8

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24
Q

how are cervical nerves named?

A

C1-C7 named for vertebrae below them, while C8 is below C7 vertebra

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25
Q

What does the thoracic part of the spinal cord contain?

A

neurons whose neurons contribute to thoracic spinal nerves T1-T12

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26
Q

where are the thoracic spinal nerves located?

A

in vertebral canal formed by thoracic vertebrae

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27
Q

how are thoracic nerves named?

A

named for vertebrae above them T1-T12

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28
Q

which part of the spinal cord is the shortest?

A

coccygeal part

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29
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is second shortest?

A

sacral part

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30
Q

where is the lumbar part of the spinal cord located?

A

within the vertebral canal formed by the lower thoracic vertebrae

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31
Q

what does the lumbar part of the spinal cord contain?

A

neurons whose neurons contribute to lumbar spinal nerves L1-L5

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32
Q

how are the lumbar spinal nerves named?

A

exist in vertebral canal below their corresponding vertebrae

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33
Q

where is the sacral part of the spinal cord located?

A

within the vertebral canal formed by lower thoracic and L1 vertebrae

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34
Q

what does the sacral part of the spinal cord contain?

A

neurons whose neurons contribute to sacral spinal nerves S1-S5

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35
Q

Where are the sacral nerves located?

A

S1-S4 exist through 4 pairs of sacral foramina, S5 exists through sacral hiatus

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36
Q

What is the third shortest part of the spinal cord?

A

lumbar part

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37
Q

where is the coccygeal part of the spinal cord located?

A

within the vertebral canal formed by the L1 vertebra

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38
Q

what does the coccygeal part of the spinal cord contain?

A

neurons whose neurons contribute to SN Co1

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39
Q

where does the Coccygeal spinal nerve exist?

A

through the sacra hiatus

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40
Q

what doe you find in the vertebral canal below the conus medullaris?

A

cauda equina

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41
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

the end of the spinal cord

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42
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

at the level of the L1 vertebra

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43
Q

why are there places of enlargement in the spinal cord?

A

there are more soma more neurons there

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44
Q

where are the places of enlargement on the spinal cord?

A

the cervical enlargement and the lumbosacral enlargement

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45
Q

Which spinal cord enlargement is bigger?

A

the cervical enlargement

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46
Q

why do you need more neurons at the spinal enlargments?

A

because you have more nerves going to upper and lower limbs than elsewhere

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47
Q

what is the cauda equine?

A

a bundle of nerve roots (axons) derived from sacral and lumbar and coccygeal parts of the spinal cord

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48
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

a thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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49
Q

what kind of nerves are spinal nerves?

A

mixed

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50
Q

what does the cervical enlargement contain?

A

neurons that innervate the upper limbs

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51
Q

what does the lumbosacral enlargement contain?

A

neurons that innervate the lower limbs

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52
Q

what is the filum terminale made of?

A

pia mater - connective tissue - connects end of spinal cord to end of spine

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53
Q

what is another word for lumbar puncture?

A

spinal tap

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54
Q

what use is a lumbar puncture?

A

taking csf samples

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55
Q

where do you want to take csf from?

A

below L1 - safer below L2

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56
Q

what space does the needle go in for spinal tap?

A

subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater

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57
Q

what is the difference between spinal tap and epidural?

A

epidural is for injecting anesthetics - goes in the epidural space between the dura mater and the vertebra - spinal tap goes farther in - epidural does not go through the dura mater into the spinal sac

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58
Q

how does the epidural work?

A

once injected, medication diffuses into meninges into subarachnoid space

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59
Q

what are the spinal cord meninges?

A 
epidural space
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater
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60
Q

where is the epidural space?

A

between dura mater and inner wall of vertebra

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61
Q

what is the epidural space filled with?

A

adipose CT

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62
Q

what is the difference between cranial and spinal cord dura mater?

A

spinal cord dura mater only has one layer, cranial has 2 layers because of sinus separation

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63
Q

where is the CSF in the spinal cord located?

A

in the subarachnoid space

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64
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

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65
Q

why is it better to get a spinal tap below L2?

A

spinal nerves are more flexible there- not pinned down by bone - less likely to get injured if touched by needle

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66
Q

where is the gray matter located in the spinal cord?

A

inside

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67
Q

what causes the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

myelinated axons

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68
Q

what are the parts of the white matter?

A

posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
white commisure
anterior funiculus

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69
Q

what are the parts of the gray matter?

A

posterior horn
gray commissure
lateral horn
anterior horn

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70
Q

where is the central canal?

A

within the gray matter - in the middle of gray commissure

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71
Q

what is the central canal?

A

a hole containing CSF

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72
Q

what is another word for the posterior median sulcus?

A

dorsal median sulcus

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73
Q

what is another word for the anterior median fissure?

A

ventral median fissure

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74
Q

what are the two cracks called?

A

posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure

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75
Q

where is the posterior funiculus?

A

surrounding the posterior median sulcus

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76
Q

where is the lateral funiculus?

A

on the two sides of the gray matter

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77
Q

where is the white commissure?

A

between the anterior median fissure and the gray commissure -right in the middle of the spinal cord

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78
Q

where is the anterior funiculus?

A

on the anterior side of the spinal cord - around the anterior median fissure

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79
Q

where is the posterior horn?

A

the bottom part of the gray bow - back side

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80
Q

where is the gray commissure

A

the thin band across the middle of the spinal cord - housing the central canal

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81
Q

where is the lateral horn?

A

the side parts of the bow

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82
Q

which sections of the spinal cord have the lateral horn?

A

T1-L2

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83
Q

where is the anterior horn?

A

the top parts of the bow

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84
Q

what does the posterior horn contain?

A

axons of somatic and visceral neurons, and somas and axons of interneurons

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85
Q

what does the lateral horn contain?

A

somas of visceral motor neurons

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86
Q

what does the anterior horn contain?

A

somas of somatic motor neurons

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87
Q

what does the gray commissure contain?

A

axons communicating between left and right sides of gray matter

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88
Q

what is the central canal continuous with?

A

4th ventricle in brain

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89
Q

what does the posterior root ganglion contain?

A

somas of somatic and visceral sensory neurons

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90
Q

what does the posterior root contain?

A

axons of somatic and visceral sensory neurons

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91
Q

what does the anterior root contain?

A

axons of somatic motor neurons and axons of visceral motor neurons

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92
Q

what does a spinal nerve contain?

A

axons of somatic and visceral sensory neurons, axons of somatic and visceral motor neurons

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93
Q

posterior horn is for

A

sensory axons and interneurons

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94
Q

anterior horn is for

A

somatic motor neurons

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95
Q

lateral horn is for

A

autonomic motor neurons

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96
Q

anterior root is

A

motor

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97
Q

posterior root is

A

sensory

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98
Q

which root has a ganglion?

A

posterior

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99
Q

how many cervical pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

8

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100
Q

how many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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101
Q

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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102
Q

how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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103
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there

A

1

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104
Q

where does spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?

A

intervertebral foramen

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105
Q

what are the 3 branches of a spinal nerve?

A

posterior ramus
anterior ramus
communicating ramus

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106
Q

what does the posterior ramus contain?

A

somatosensory and somatomotor nerves that innervate deep muscles of the back and skin of the back

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107
Q

which branch is the largest branch?

A

anterior ramus

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108
Q

what does the anterior ramus contain?

A

somatosensory and somatomotor nerves that innervate lateral and anterior of the trunk, upper and lower limbs

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109
Q

what does the communicating rami contain?

A

sympathetic nerve axons that control visceral organs - autonomic nervous system

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110
Q

where are the communicating rami located?

A

T1-L2 level

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111
Q

where do the intercostal nerves come from?

A

anterior rami of T1-T11

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112
Q

where do the subcostal nerves come from?

A

anterior rami of T12

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113
Q

what do the anterior rami of T1-T11 become?

A

intercostal nerves

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114
Q

what do the anterior rami of T12 become?

A

subcostal nerves

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115
Q

What do thoracic anterior rami nerves innervate?

A

intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
skin of trunk
other branches also go to abdominal muscles and skin of trunk

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116
Q

does the thoracic region have plexus?

A

no

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117
Q

where are the nerves that control the bacon muscles derived?

A

thoracic spinal nerves

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118
Q

What do the anterior rami of C1-C4 form?

A

the cervical plexus

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119
Q

what forms the cervical plexus?

A

anterior rami of C1-C4

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120
Q

what do the anterior rami of C5-T1 form?

A

brachial plexus

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121
Q

what forms the brachial plexus?

A

anterior rami of C5-T1

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122
Q

what do anterior rami of L1-L4 form?

A

lumbar plexus

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123
Q

what forms the lumbar plexus?

A

anterior rami of L1-L4

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124
Q

What do L4-S4 form?

A

sacral plexus

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125
Q

what forms the sacral plexus?

A

anterior rami of L4-S4

126
Q

what do S4-Co1 form?

A

coccygeal plexus

127
Q

what forms the coccygeal plexus?

A

S4-Co1

128
Q

what are terminal nerves?

A

nerves with specific names

129
Q

what happens with the anterial ramus in thoracic region?

A

continues to become intercostal nerve (except last one - becomes subcostal nerve because not in between, just at bottom

130
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves (except for ventral rami of T2-T11)

131
Q

what happens after nerve plexuses?

A

split into multiple named nerves that innervate various body structures

132
Q

what are benefits of nerve plexuses?

A

allow axons from each anterior ramus to extend to body structures through several different branches, so that each terminal branch of the plexus contains axons from several different spinal nerves
AND damage to a single segment of spinal cord or single spinal nerve does not result in complete loss of innervation of a particular structure

133
Q

why no plexus in thoracic region?

A

less prone to injury because supported and protected by ribs

134
Q

what does the cervical plexus do

A

terminal branches innervate head, neck and shoulders

135
Q

what is one important terminal branch from cervical plexus

A

phrenic nerve

136
Q

what does phrenic nerve do

A

innervates diaphragm

137
Q

where is phrenic nerve derived?

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

138
Q

where is the respiratory control center located?

A

pons

139
Q

where are the somas for respiratory control located?

A

pons

140
Q

what does brachial mean

A

arm

141
Q

what forms the brachial plexus

A

anterior rami of C5-T1

142
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A 
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
radial nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
143
Q

what kinds of nerves are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

somatosensory and somatomotor

144
Q

what does the musculocutaneous nerve do?

A

innervates brachialis, biceps brachii

145
Q

what does the brachialis do?

A

flexes elbow joint

146
Q

what does the biceps brachii do?

A

flexes elbow, flexes shoulder, supination of forearm

147
Q

what does the axillary nerve do?

A

innervates deltoid

148
Q

what does the deltoid do?

A

abduction of shoulder, hyperextends and laterally rotates, flexes and medially rotates shoulder

149
Q

what does the radial nerve do

A

innervates triceps brachii, extensor muscles of forearm

150
Q

what does triceps brachii do?

A

extends elbow and shoulder, hyperextends shoulder

151
Q

what does median nerve do?

A

innervates flexor muscles of the forearm

152
Q

what do the flexor muscles of the forearm do?

A

flexion of hand and elbow

153
Q

where are the flexor muscles of the forearm located?

A

anterior side of forearm

154
Q

what does the ulnar nerve do?

A

innervates flexor muscles of the forearm

155
Q

why do we need two terminal nerves to innervate flexor muscles of the forearm?

A

so many muscles there

156
Q

if a person cannot flex his forearm, what nerves can be damaged?

A

median nerve and/or ulnar nerve

157
Q

what does innervate mean?

A

send nerve to control something

158
Q

where are extensors of the forearm located?

A

on postial side of forearm

159
Q

where is the brachial plexus located?

A

in the armpit

160
Q

where is the lumbar plexus located?

A

in groin area

161
Q

what forms the lumbar plexus?

A

anterior rami of L1-L4

162
Q

what do the L1-L4 form?

A

lumbar plexus

163
Q

name the important terminal branches of the lumbar plexus

A

femoral nerve and obturator nerve

164
Q

what does the femoral nerve do?

A

innervates iliacus, quads and sartorius

165
Q

what does iliacus do?

A

flexes hip joint

166
Q

what do quads do

A

extends knee joint and flexes hip

167
Q

what does sartorius do?

A

flex knee, flex hip, abduct hip and lateral rotation of hip

168
Q

what does obturator nerve do?

A

innervates gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus

169
Q

what does gracilis do?

A

adducts hip

170
Q

what does adductor longus do?

A

adducts and laterally rotates femur

171
Q

what does the adductor magnus do?

A

adducts thigh

172
Q

does the obturator nerve go through obturator foramen?

A

no

173
Q

what forms the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

174
Q

what do L4-S4 form?

A

sacral plexus

175
Q

what are the important terminal branches of the sacral plexus?

A

sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve

176
Q

what are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

common fibular nerve and tibial nerve

177
Q

what is the biggest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

178
Q

where is sciatic nerve located?

A

posterior side of body

179
Q

what does the common fibular nerve branch do?

A

innervates biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis longus
all anterior thigh

180
Q

what does the biceps femoris do?

A

flexes knee and hyperextends hip

181
Q

what does tibialis anterior do?

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle

182
Q

what does extensor digitorum longus do?

A

dorsiflexion and extension of toes

183
Q

what does fibularis longus do?

A

plantar flexion and eversion of ankle

184
Q

what does the tibial nerve do?

A

innervates hamstrings and gastrocnemius and soleus medial thigh

185
Q

what are the hamstring muscles

A

semitendinosus, semimembrabosus and biceps femoris

186
Q

what do hamstrings do

A

extend hip and flex knee

187
Q

what do gastrocnemius and soleus do?

A

plantar flex foot, flex knee (gastro)

188
Q

what does the pudendal nerve do?

A

innervates clintoris, labia majora and minor, vagina and skin of penis

189
Q

what causes sciatica

A

compression of lumbar nerves L4-L5 or sacral nerves S1-3

190
Q

what do sensory nerves do

A

transmit signals from receptors (sensors) to CNS

191
Q

what is another name for sensory nerves?

A

afferent nerves

192
Q

what do somatic afferent nerves do?

A

transmit signals from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles, bones and joints

193
Q

what do visceral afferent nerves do?

A

transmit signals from receptors in visceral organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities

194
Q

what do motor nerves do?

A

transmit signals from CNS to effectors

195
Q

what is another name for motor nerves?

A

efferent nerves

196
Q

what do somatic motor nerves do?

A

transmit signals to skeletal muscles

197
Q

what do visceral motor nerves do?

A

transmit signals to glands, cardiac muscles and smooth muscles

198
Q

what do sympathetic nerves do?

A

arouse the body to action

199
Q

what do parasympathetic nerves do?

A

have a calming effect

200
Q

what are other names for somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary, somatic motor system

201
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

transmit impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

202
Q

what is the pathway between CNS and skeletal muscles?

A

motor neurons via cranial nerves (except I,II & VII) and all spinal nerves (C1-S5), directly innervates effectors - no ganglia between CNS and effectors (skeletal muscles)
acetylcholine (ACh) is released at neuromuscular junctions

203
Q

where is the anterior root located?

A

in vertebral canal

OUTSIDE of spinal cord

204
Q

where is the spinal nerve located?

A

in intervertebral foramen

205
Q

what is the name of the nerve that goes to bicep brachii?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

206
Q

where is musculocutaneous nerve derived?

A

from brachial plexus derived from anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

207
Q

what are other names for autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary nervous system

visceral motor system

208
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

transmit impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

209
Q

where are the somas of the autonomic nervous system located?

A

in the lateral horn of the T1-T12 section of the spinal cord

210
Q

which somas are in the autonomic ganglia?

A

postganglianic nerve

211
Q

where are somas of preganglionic nerve located?

A

lateral horn

212
Q

where is the ganglionic neuron cell body located?

A

in the autonomic ganglion

213
Q

where is the preganglionic neuron cell body located?

A

in the lateral horn

214
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

215
Q

what does the sympathetic nerve division do?

A

fight or flight

216
Q

what is another name for parasympathetic nerve division

A

resting and digesting system

217
Q

where do the parasympathetic division nerves come from?

A

brainstem and S2-S4, CNIII, VII, IX and X

218
Q

where do sympathetic division nerves come from?

A

T1-L2

219
Q

which division has long preganglionic axon?

A

parasympathetic

220
Q

which division has a long postganglionic axon?

A

sympathetic

221
Q

which division has a branching preganglionic axon?

A

sympathetic

222
Q

which division has the autonomic ganglion close to the vertebral column?

A

sympathetic

223
Q

which division has the autonomic ganglion close to or within effector organ wall?

A

parasympathetic

224
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in the autonomic ganglion

A

ACh in all of them

225
Q

what neurotransmitters are released at junction with effector?

A

ACh or Norepinephrine

226
Q

are neurotransmitter receptors different between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

yes

227
Q

do neurotransmitters get into the blood stream?

A

no

228
Q

what is the function of the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

prepare body to cope with emergencies and to release energy

229
Q

what and where do pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse

A

with post-ganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia far from target organs

230
Q

what are some other names for sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

sympathetic chain ganglia and paravertebral ganglia

231
Q

what are some prevertebral ganglia

A

celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia

232
Q

what are the exceptions to sympathetic preganglionic nerves?

A

some of long axons, exit CNS through SN T1-L2 and synapse with adrenal medulla - releases catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) into the blood stream.

233
Q

what are catecholamines?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

234
Q

what do postganglionic neurons release at neuron-target organ junctions?

A

norepinephrine (NE) or acetychoiline (ACh)

235
Q

What cranial nerves go to the organs below your head?

A

Vagus X, and Accessory XI (controls muscles used in head movement)

236
Q

which spinal nerves control things in your head?

A

sympathetic nerves - secreting saliva, controlling lens of eye, sweat glands and blood vessels

237
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

autonomic ganglion chained together

238
Q

what is different about the adrenal medulla?

A

no post ganglionic nerve goes here - from spinal cord to medulla with no ganglion involved at all - called a sympathetic nerve

239
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

conserve energy, replenish energy stores

240
Q

where are parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neuron somas located?

A

brainstem, gray matter of S2-S4 segments of spinal cord

241
Q

where do pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axon neurons exit?

A

exit brain stem through CNIII, VII, IX, and X and through SN S2 - S4

242
Q

what is CNIII

A

Oculomotor nerve - eye movement; pupil constriction

243
Q

what is CN VII

A

Facial nerve - lacrimal gland to release tears and submandular salivary gland to release saliva

244
Q

what is CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve - stimulate parotid salivary glands to release saliva

245
Q

what is CN X

A

vagus nerve - controls lungs, heart, digestive tract and glands, spleen, kidneys and testis or ovaries

246
Q

what do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release at neuron-target organ junctions?

A

ACh

247
Q

which spinal nerves contain parasympathetic nerve fibers?

A

S2-S4 - to control large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

248
Q

where do somas of parasympathetic nerves come from?

A

brain stem and gray matter of spinal nerves S2-S4

249
Q

what kind of autonomic motor nerves are in head?

A

all parasympathetic - NO sympathetic in head

250
Q

Sympathetic effect on heart

A

increases heart rate and contraction force

251
Q

sympathetic effect on blood vessels

A

skeletal muscles vessels and brain vessels - vasodilation

vessels in other body parts - vasoconstriction

252
Q

sympathetic effect on digestive system

A

reduce activity
salivary glands - produces viscous saliva
GI tract glands - inhibits (no digestive enzymes)
Motility of GI tract - inhibits (bowel movement)
GI tract blood vessels - vasoconstriction
Liver - stimulates glycogenolysis - releases sugar from liver because liver is storage site of sugar

253
Q

sympathetic effect on respiratory system

A

increase activity

bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation - increase activity

254
Q

sympathetic effect on urinary system

A

reduce activity - don’t want to worry about pee making
kidneys - renin secretion (reduces urine formation)
bladder - relaxation
internal urethral sphincter - contract

255
Q

sympathetic effect on reproductive system

A 
penile or clitoral erection - no effect
penile ejaculation - stimulates
uterine muscle - contraction
gland secretion - inhibits
vaginal muscular wall - contraction
256
Q

sympathetic effect on integumentary system

A

arrector pili- contraction - raise hair and goose bumps

sweat glands - secretion

257
Q

are there parasympathetic nerves to skin?

A

no

258
Q

sympathetic effect on eye

A

pupil size - dilation - allows more light so you can see better
ciliary muscle - no effect - for moving/changing lens
lacrimal gland - no effect

259
Q

sympathetic effect on adipose tissue

A

stimulates lipolysis - breaking down fat for providing more energy

260
Q

sympathetic effect on adrenal medulla gland

A

secretion of catecholamines

261
Q

parasympathetic effect on heart

A

decreases heart rate and contraction force

262
Q

parasympathetic effect on blood vessels

A

skeletal muscle vessels - no effect

vessels in other body parts - no effect

263
Q

parasympathetic effect on digestive system

A 
salivary glands - produces watery saliva
GI tract glands - stimulates
Motility of GI tract - stimulates
GI tract blood vessels - vasodilation
Liver - stimulates glycogenesis???
264
Q

parasympathetic effect on respiratory system

A

bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction

265
Q

parasympathetic effect on urinary system

A

kidneys - no effect
urinary bladder - contraction
internal urethral sphincter - relax

266
Q

parasympathetic effect on reproductive system

A 
penile or clitoral erection - stimulates
penile ejaculation - no effect
uterine muscle - no effect
gland secretion - stimulates
vaginal muscular wall - no effect
267
Q

parasympathetic effect on integumentary system

A

no effect because no parasympathetic nerves here

268
Q

parasympathetic effect on eye

A

pupil size - constriction
ciliary muscle - contraction for near vision
lacrimal gland - stimulates secretion

269
Q

parasympathetic effect on adipose tissue

A

no effect

270
Q

parasympathetic effect on adrenal medulla gland

A

no effect because no sympathetic nerve

271
Q

how can ANS neurons have different effects on the effectors?

A

they secret different neurotransmitters and effectors contain different receptors

272
Q

what kind of neurons are preganglionic neurons

A

they are all cholinergic because they all release ACh at synaptic knobs

273
Q

what do dendrites and somas of postganglionic neurons contain?

A

they all contain ACh receptors (cholinergic receptors

274
Q

what are nicotinic receptors?

A

cholinergic receptors - they are sensitive to drug nicotine

275
Q

target cells contain

A

either ACh receptors or NE receptors

276
Q

what are muscarinic receptors?

A

ACh receptors - sensitive to mushroom toxins

277
Q

what kind of target cells have NE receptors?

A

target cells from sympathetic pathways to body structures other than sweat glads and blood vessels in skeletal muscles

278
Q

what is the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters?

A

parasympathetic neurotransmitters are only ACh, sympathetic release either ACh (to sweat glands, and blood vessels of skeletal muscles) or NE (to other body structures

279
Q

definition of a reflex

A

a quick, involuntary reaction of glands, muscles or visceral organs to stimulation

280
Q

what are the pieces of a reflex arc?

A

stimulus, receptor, afferent nerve fibers, integrating center, efferent nerve fibers, effectors, action or response

281
Q

what are ways to categorize reflexes?

A

based on location or based on receptors and effectors

282
Q

what are the ways to categorize reflexes based on location

A

cranial reflex (CNS involved is brain) and spinal reflex (CNS involved is spinal cord)

283
Q

what kind of reflex are knee, ankle and bicep reflexes based on location?

A

spinal reflexes

284
Q

what kind of reflex is pupil reflex based on location?

A

cranial

285
Q

what is Jendrassik maneuver?

A

think of something else while reflex is being tested - reflex should be stronger - hampers brain’s inhibitory effect

286
Q

what are the ways to categorize reflexes based on receptors and effectors?

A

somatic reflexes and visceral reflexes

287
Q

what are the receptors and effectors for somatic reflexes?

A

receptors are in skin, skeletal muscle, or tendon, effectors are skeletal muscles

288
Q

what are the receptors and effectors of visceral reflexes?

A

receptors are in visceral organs, effectors are in visceral organs

289
Q

what are 2 kinds of somatic reflexes?

A

stretch reflexes and golgi reflexes

290
Q

what are the receptors for stretch reflex?

A

receptors are in muscle spindle

291
Q

what is another way to classify reflexes?

A

based on number of synapses of reflex arc

292
Q

what are the two classifications of reflex arc synapses

A

monosynaptic reflex and polysynaptic reflex

293
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

faster because just one synapse

294
Q

polysynaptic

A

2 or more synapses - diffusion takes time, so it takes more time to respond

295
Q

stretch reflex

A

when muscle is stretched, it responds by contraction - prevents muscle from being stretched extensively

296
Q

3 examples of stretch reflex

A

biceps reflex, knee jerk reflex, achilles tendon reflex

297
Q

steps in knee jerk reflex

A

patellar reflex

  1. stimulus - tap on knee
  2. receptor - muscle spindle is stretch receptor in quads
  3. sensory nerve - femoral nerve sensory branch part
  4. integration center - spinal cord L2-L4
  5. motor nerve - femoral nerve motor branch
  6. effector - quads
  7. response/action - knee extension/knee jerk
298
Q

what does the antagonist muscle do during patellar reflex?

A

hamstring relaxes

299
Q

what is the golgi tendon reflex?

A

when a muscle over contracts, tendon starts to get stretched, so this reflex relaxes muscle - prevents muscle from contracting extensively and preventing injury of tendon

300
Q

what are the receptors for golgi tendon reflex?

A

golgi tendon organ

301
Q

steps of golgi tendon reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus muscle contraction increases tension on tendons
  2. receptor - golgi tendon organ
  3. stimulates sensory nerve (femoral) that travel to CNS spinal cord L1-L4
    sensory neurons synapse with interneurons
  4. motor nerve - femoral interneurons inhibit motor neurons to muscle
    interneurons stimulate motor neurons to antagonistic muscles
  5. muscle relaxes and there is relief of tension on tendon
    antagonistic muscle contracts, more relief of tension on tendon
302
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
to prevent further harm to the limb

303
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

occurs in conjunction with withdrawal reflex
when withdrawal reflex is occurring in one limb, crossed extensor reflex occurs in the other limb
helps maintain body balance

304
Q

visceral reflex

A

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses of visceral organs to stimulation of visceral receptors

305
Q

examples of visceral reflexes

A

baroreflex
pupillary reflex
micturition reflex

306
Q

baroreflex arc

A
  1. stimulus - high blood pressure
  2. receptor - barorectpros in blood vessels - also located in aortic body
  3. sensory nerve - CN IX or X - glssopharyngeal nerve sensory branch (because mixed)
  4. integration center - medulla oblongata
  5. motor nerve - visceral motor nerve (don’t need to say parasympathetic, because they are the only ones that come from head) CN X motor branch of vagus nerve
  6. effector - heart
  7. action - decreases heart rate and contraction force
307
Q

baroreflex arc for low blood pressure

A

low blood pressure
baroreceptors in blood vessels or aortic body
sensory nerve IX
integration center medulla oblongata
sympathetic nerve from T1-L2
increase heart rate and increase contraction force

308
Q

Micturation reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus - half full bladder
  2. receptor - stretch receptors in urinary bladder
  3. sensory nerve - visceral sensory nerve
  4. integration center - spinal cord S2-S4
  5. motor nerve - parasympathetic nerve
  6. effector - smooth muscle of urinary bladder
  7. response - contraction of smooth muscle - pee comes out
309
Q

pupillary reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus - light
  2. receptor - retina - rods and cones
  3. sensory nerve - CN II optic nerve
  4. integration center - occipital lobe of brain
  5. motor nerve - CN III occulomotor nerve - parasympathetic branch of occulomotor nerve
  6. effector - pupilary contstrictor
  7. response - decrease size of pupil to prevent light from damaging retina
310
Q

reflex arc of achilles tendon

A
  1. stimulus tap on achilles tendon
  2. receptor - muscle spindle of gastrocnemius and soles
  3. sensory nerve - tibial nerve
  4. integration center - spinal cord L1-S4
  5. motor nerve - tibial nerve
  6. effector - gastrocnemius and soleus
  7. response - plantar flexion
311
Q

reflex arc of bicep

A
  1. stimulation - tap on biceps brachia
  2. receptor - muscle spindle in biceps brachii
  3. sensory nerve - musculocutanious nerve
  4. integration center - spinal cord C5-C11, primarily C5-C6
  5. Motor nerve - musculocutaneous nerve
  6. effector - biceps brachii
  7. response - elbow flex

a&p (5 decks)

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