final terms from chapters 1-4 Flashcards
psychology
the scientific study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
individualism-collectivism
a value system based on the relative importance of the individual versus the group or the family.
power distance
how a culture deals with the basic issue of human inequality.
uncertainty-avoidance
the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
masculinity-femininity
the degree of differentiation between the roles of men and women in a culture.
empathy
feeling and understanding the emotions of another person.
mindfulness
paying attention to your experiences as they occur and refraining from evaluating or judging your reactions to those experiences as you have them.
cohort
a group of people born at about the same time in history, so they share common experiences in society at about the same age.
psychodynamic theory
the theory which suggests that our personality is shaped by an ongoing internal struggle between two or more conflicting needs.
id
the part of personality concerned with satisfying our basic instincts and urges.
ego
the part of personality concerned with meeting the needs of the “id” in a way that is realistic, and fits with the laws or rules of society.
superego
the part of personality concerned with making sure the “id” and the “ego” function in a way that is consistent with the person’s own moral code.
defensive mechanisms
strategies our unconscious uses to resolve anxiety.
classical conditioning
the type of learning that relies on associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus. (Ivan Pavlov)
operant conditioning
a type of learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced. (B.F. Skinner)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
an ascending hierarchy of needs in which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs are placed at the top.
reinforcement
a consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
punishment
anything that decreases the chances of the behavior being repeated.
humanist perspective
the theory which suggests we are all born with an innate drive to reach our potential as good, contributing persons of our society.
tyranny of shoulds
belief that other people, or the world in general, ought to think and act in a way that fits your belief system.
locus of control
the extent to which you feel you are in control of your life, versus feeling that life and external situations control you.
emotional regulation
managing the intensity and duration of feelings and the ability to delay gratification.
general adaptation syndrome
the human body’s response to stressful or threatening situations (alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase).
cognitive restructuring
changing the way we think about a situation to reduce stress by perceiving new options or benefits to the situation.
