final terms from chapters 1-4

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 2

individualism-collectivism

Answer 2

a value system based on the relative importance of the individual versus the group or the family.

Question 3

power distance

Answer 3

how a culture deals with the basic issue of human inequality.

Question 4

uncertainty-avoidance

Answer 4

the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.

Question 5

masculinity-femininity

Answer 5

the degree of differentiation between the roles of men and women in a culture.

Question 6

empathy

Answer 6

feeling and understanding the emotions of another person.

Question 7

mindfulness

Answer 7

paying attention to your experiences as they occur and refraining from evaluating or judging your reactions to those experiences as you have them.

Question 8

cohort

Answer 8

a group of people born at about the same time in history, so they share common experiences in society at about the same age.

Question 9

psychodynamic theory

Answer 9

the theory which suggests that our personality is shaped by an ongoing internal struggle between two or more conflicting needs.

Question 10

id

Answer 10

the part of personality concerned with satisfying our basic instincts and urges.

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

the part of personality concerned with meeting the needs of the “id” in a way that is realistic, and fits with the laws or rules of society.

Question 12

superego

Answer 12

the part of personality concerned with making sure the “id” and the “ego” function in a way that is consistent with the person’s own moral code.

Question 13

defensive mechanisms

Answer 13

strategies our unconscious uses to resolve anxiety.

Question 14

classical conditioning

Answer 14

the type of learning that relies on associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus. (Ivan Pavlov)

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

a type of learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced. (B.F. Skinner)

Question 16

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

an ascending hierarchy of needs in which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs are placed at the top.

Question 17

reinforcement

Answer 17

a consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 18

punishment

Answer 18

anything that decreases the chances of the behavior being repeated.

Question 19

humanist perspective

Answer 19

the theory which suggests we are all born with an innate drive to reach our potential as good, contributing persons of our society.

Question 20

tyranny of shoulds

Answer 20

belief that other people, or the world in general, ought to think and act in a way that fits your belief system.

Question 21

locus of control

Answer 21

the extent to which you feel you are in control of your life, versus feeling that life and external situations control you.

Question 22

emotional regulation

Answer 22

managing the intensity and duration of feelings and the ability to delay gratification.

Question 23

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 23

the human body’s response to stressful or threatening situations (alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase).

Question 24

cognitive restructuring

Answer 24

changing the way we think about a situation to reduce stress by perceiving new options or benefits to the situation.