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International Political Relations > Final Terms > Flashcards

Final Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Procedural minimum definition of democracy

A

1) fair and open elections 2) virtually all adults possess right to vote 3)political rights and civil liberties are broadly protected 4) elected authorities possess real authority

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2
Q

Dahl’s 2 way classification

A

Y-axis: liberalization (public contestation

X-axis: inclusiveness (participation)

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3
Q

Democratic Peace Theory Explanations

A

1) Cultural: democracies share norms of peaceful conflict resolution, and pursue them more often when facing other democracies
2) Structural: democratic structures and institutions place constraints on leaders, making them less likely to go to war with other democracies

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4
Q

Democratic Peace Theory Challenges

A

correlation, not causation; theory based on post 1945 evidence; vague definitions of democracy and war; young democracies are more warlike

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5
Q

IPE

A

the relationship between wealth and politics

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6
Q

Mercantilism

A

16 and 17 centuries: economics is viewed as a political tool with an overarching aim to build a strong state; privileges state over individual and economics is a zero sum game

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7
Q

Economic Liberalism

A

18 century: economics should be free from politics and the pursuit of individual self-interest leads to better outcomes overall

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8
Q

Ricardo’s Model of Trade: Theory of Competitive Advantage

A

A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost for producing that item n terms of other items is lower than in other countries–i.e. if that country is more efficient at producing a good than an another country

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9
Q

Marxism

A

claims that history is driven by class conflict and states are controlled by the class who own the means of production: i.e. core areas of specialized economy are favored while the periphery (those still in the outdated means of production) are exploited

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10
Q

Problems with economic liberalism

A

there are resource differences; states as a whole can benefit from trade but trade also creates winners and losers within countries (social problems); and assumes the factors of production move easily from one economic sector to another

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11
Q

Definition of non-state actors

A

non-sovereign entities that exercise economic, political, or social power and influence at a national or international level

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12
Q

Key attributes of non-state actors

A

autonomy from a state; transnational (operating across borders); have some purpose

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13
Q

Non-state actors over time

A

amount of them has increased; power and influence may be growing; tech and globalization are making it easier for them to function

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14
Q

Transnational Advocacy Networks

A

actors working internationally on an issue, who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse and dense exchanges of info and services

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15
Q

TAN strategies

A

information politics; symbolic politics; leverage politics; accountability politics

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16
Q

information politics

A

the ability to quickly and credibly generate politically usable information and move it to where it will have the most impact

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17
Q

symbolic politics

A

the ability to call upon symbols, actions, or stories that make sense of a situation that is frequently far away

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18
Q

leverage politics

A

the ability to call upon powerful actors to affect a situation where weaker members of a network are unlikely to have influence

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19
Q

accountability politics

A

the effort to hold powerful actors to their previously stated policies or principles

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20
Q

Epistemic communities definition

A

networks of professionals with recognized expertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to policy relevant knowledge within that domain or issue-area

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21
Q

How epistemic communities effect world politics

A

Dealing with Uncertainty: clarify cause and effect relationships, help states define their interests, assist in formation and implementation of policies, encourage rational thinking

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22
Q

Key elements of Terrorism

A

involves violence or threat of violence against noncombatants; premeditated; some political motivation; aims to create fear and thus coerce an enemy into submission

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23
Q

History of terrorism

A

1800s: assassinations (focus on leader); late 1800s: expanded target range because of collective responsibility and hope that an attack would promote a popular uprising; current: about anti-americanism and religious reasons

24
Q

contemporary trends in terrorism

A

increasing lethality; increased suicide bombings; more decentralized networked forms of organization; more amateur participation

25
Q

counter terrorism approaches

A

people either look at the causes of terrorism and try to combat those, or they look at how terrorism ends and try to expedite that process

26
Q

Causes of terrorism

A

Root causes: poverty or repression, but difficult to track
Tipping points: specific but unpredictable events like a family member’s death
Strategic decisions: some people see terrorism as a rational tactic to achieve their aims

27
Q

How terrorism ends

A

preemption (intelligence is used to foil plots or decapitation of group); deterrence (military force and repression causes terrorists to see that costs outweigh benefits); backlash (loss of popular support); burnout (failure to transition to next generation); transition to a legit political process; transition to other forms of violence; achievement of aims

28
Q

Hegemony definition

A

a preponderance of power

29
Q

types of international order

A

balance of power: where great powers balance each other to promote peace
hegemonic stability: a true hegemon maintains order and stability through the futility of challenging them and through coercion

30
Q

Ikenberry: constitutional hegemonic stability

A

Argues that it is the fact that the hegemon participates in restraint and cooperation that makes the system stable

31
Q

multipolar system (Waltz)

A

three of more great power leads to uncertainty and instability and great power wars are common

32
Q

bipolar system (Waltz)

A

two great powers balance each other so there is less uncertainty and instability; small wars occur but great power wars are rare

33
Q

unipolar system (Waltz)

A

one great power leads to ?? Hegemonic order?

34
Q

National security

A

security against other states attacking, invading, conquering, or otherwise reducing a given state’s power (i.e. staying sovereign)

35
Q

Classical insurgency

A

Insurgents challenged the functioning state because they had their own plan for governing, they employed local propaganda and rural ambush tactics

36
Q

Modern insurgency

A

Insurgents arise after a state has failed and have no plan for afterward, they employe global propaganda and urban bomb tactics

37
Q

Changes to counter-insurgency

A

Kilcullen: counter-propaganda is an important as success on the battlefield; need to mobilize global, regional and local support bases (civilians); need to improve patrolling to make counterinsurgents more approachable by civilians

38
Q

Synergy Hypothesis

A

Biddle: the decrease in violence in Iraq after 2007 was due to the Surge and the Anbar Awakening: awakening gave insurgents a way off the battlefield and provided key intelligence, the surge allowed those who left to stay out–they prevented retaliation form those who stayed

39
Q

The Surge

A

an increase of 30,000 troops on the ground and a change in doctrine (smaller bases, unmounted patrols to encourage civilian’s to approach)

40
Q

Anbar awakening

A

The US paid insurgents to leave the insurgent movement

41
Q

Sectarian Cleansing

A

Posits that the Sunni and Shia moved to separate themselves, creating less interaction and sparking less violence

42
Q

Classical Causes of civil war (ethnic heterogeneity)

A

civil war comes from group dynamics and grievances: ethnic, religious, economic

43
Q

Economic view (natural resources) of civil war

A

Civil war will happen in places where there is the opportunity for rebellion: i.e. finances and recruits

44
Q

State capacity causes of civil war

A

Civil war arises in states that are weak and are unable to project power to the edges of the territory or fund a police force in rural or mountainous areas where rebels hide

45
Q

Stability paradigm

A

Supporting stability in a state may be implicitly supporting an authoritarian regime that the populace doesn’t want

46
Q

Democracy paradigm

A

Supporting democracy in a state may be promoting instability in a region or may bring to power “bad actors”

47
Q

Communitarian perspective of intervention

A

intervention is rarely justified because respect for a state’s sovereignty is the most important

48
Q

Cosmopolitan perspective of intervention

A

intervention is more justified because the wellbeing of the people in a state is more important than maintaining state sovereignty

49
Q

Responsibility to Protect Initiative

A

2005 UN Initiative: a state has a responsibility to protect its citizens, the int’l community has a responsibility to help them and a responsibility to intervene if the state fails

50
Q

Just War Theory

A

the use of force as a legitimate instrument of state policy is accepted in some, but not all, circumstances

51
Q

When is war just?

A

Just cause: legit cause like self-defense
competent authority: declared by public leader
last resort: all other options must be exhausted
proportionality: benefits must outweigh costs
discrimination: respect immunity of non-combatants

52
Q

Democracy Promotion

A

economic based, state-based, and civil society-based

53
Q

economic based

A

use of sanctions or denial of development aid to promote the collapse of an authoritarian regime, or, promotion of economic development to encourage democracy in the long term

54
Q

state-based

A

promise of access or membership to a valued regional organization, or, regime change through military intervention

55
Q

civil society-based

A

build up the civil society in a state - NGOs, civic associations, free press, activists, etc

International Political Relations (7 decks)

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