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Gen Path Exam 2 > Final terms > Flashcards

Final terms Flashcards

1
Q

Mediators of vasodilation

A

PGE2, histamine, NO

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2
Q

mediators of vascular permeability

A

histamine, C3a, C5a, bradykinin, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4, PAF

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3
Q

mediators of chemotaxis/activation

A

chemokines, C5a, LTB4, microbial products, fibrinopeptides

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4
Q

mediators of fever

A

IL-1,TNF-a, PGE2

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5
Q

mediators of pain

A

bradykinin, PGE2

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6
Q

mediators of tissue damange

A

lysosomal enzymes, oxygen radicals

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7
Q

Kinins

A

SOURCE: Hageman factor (XII) activates prekallikrein to kallikrein, kallikrein cleaves high molecular weight kinogen to bradykinin
ACTIONS: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, pain, smooth muscle contraction

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8
Q

Complement fragments

A

ACTIONS:
C5a - chemotaxis for neutrophils, mast cell degranulation, increased vascular permeability, activates neutrophils and monocytes (oxygen radicals, leukotrienes, prostaglandins)
C3a - increased vascular permeability

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9
Q

vasoactive amines

A

histamine and serotonin
SOURCE: mast cells, basophils (platelets)
ACTION: vasodilation, increased venular permeability, bronchial and other smooth muscle contraction

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10
Q

Prostaglandins

A

SOURCE: arachidonic acid -> cyclooxygenase -> prostaglandins
ACTION: PGE2 mediates fever and pain
PGD2 mediates smooth muscle contraction in some tissue

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11
Q

Leukotriene B4

A

SOURCE: neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
ACTION: chemotaxis of neutrophils and eosinophils, chemokinesis of macs

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12
Q

Leukotrienes C4,D4, E4

A

SOURCE: neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
ACTION: increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

Lipoxin A4 and B4

A

SOURCE: transcellular biosynthesis by neutrophils and platelets
ACTION: inhibit leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis

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14
Q

IFN - gamma

A

SOURCE: T-cells, NK cells
STIMULI: antigen early immune response
ACTION: upregulate macrophage function
= increase superoxide production/killing capacity,
= induce IL-12 and Th1 shifted immune response,
= upregulate class 2 MHC (increase antigen presentation),
= upregulate other growth factors (PDGF, TGF-a),
= chronic stimulation can lead to mac fusion (giant cell formation)

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15
Q

TNF-alpha in inflammation

A

SOURCE: macrophages, fibroblasts, others
STIMULI: endotoxin, bacteria, virus, protozoa, toxins
ACTION: endothelial cells= upregulate E-selectins and increase thrombogenicity
macrophages= enhance IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, NO; induce acute phase reaction proteins; induce fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis; endogenous pyrogen; induce cachexia by suppression of appetite and lipoprotein lipase inhibition (IL-1 augments effects); induce apoptosis in selected cells

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16
Q

chemokines

A

SOURCE: macrophages, stromal cells, epithelial cells
STIMULI: virus, bacteria, toxins, protozoa, cytokines
ACTION:
CXC = many are chemotactic for neutrophils and endothelial cells (IL-8 for neuts)
CC = chemotactic for lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils

17
Q

Factors involved in fibroblast migration/replication and collagen synthesis

A

PDGF, EGF, FGF, TGF-B, TNF-a, IL-1

18
Q

Factors involved in epithelial proliferation/migration

A

EGF, HGF, KGF

19
Q

Factors involved in Angiogenesis

A

VEGF, FGF, PDGF

20
Q

EGF-a (epithelial growth factor)

A 
SOURCE: platelets and macrophages
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation
increase keratinocyte migration
increase granulation tissue formation
21
Q

HGF (hepatocyte growth factor or scatter factor)

A

SOURCE: fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial cells
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase epithelial proliferation
increase cell scattering and migration in development

22
Q

KGF (keratinocyte growth factor)

A

SOURCE: fibroblast
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase keratinocyte (epithelial cell) migration, proliferation, and differentiation

23
Q

PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

A

SOURCE: platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase chemotaxis-neuts, macs, fibroblasts, SM cells
increase mitogenesis-fibroblasts, endothelial cells, SM cells
increase synthesis-MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), fibronectin, hyaluronic acid
increase angiogenesis
increase wound contraction

24
Q

TNF-alpha in tissue repair

A 
SOURCE: macrophages, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes
REPAIR EFFECT: 
activates macrophages
increases fibroblast proliferation
increases synthesis of collagen
25
Q

TGF - B (transforming growth factor)

A

SOURCE: platelets, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, SM cells, fibroblasts
REPAIR EFFECT:
Increase chemotaxis - fibroblast, SM cells, PMN’s, macs, lymphocytes
increase mitogenesis - endothelial cells, fibroblasts
increase collagen and matrix synthesis
increase TIMP (tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase)
increase TGF-B (autocrine)
decrease MMPs
decrease epithelial growth

26
Q

B-FGF (fibroblast growth factor)

A

SOURCE: macrophages, mast cells, T-lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase angiogenesis
increase stimulation of epithelial cell migration
increase chemotaxis for fibroblasts
increase mitogenesis: fibroblasts and keratinocytes
increase matrix production

27
Q

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

A

SOURCE: macrophages, mesenchymal cells, many cell types
REPAIR EFFECT:
increase angiogenesis
increase mitogenesis of endothelial cells
increase vascular permeability

28
Q

Selectin

A

Expressed on endothelial cells during leukocyte margination and rolling. Help leukocytes roll across the endothelial cells.

29
Q

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

A

Endothelial cell adhesion molecules that help to mediate leukocyte adhesion and transmigration.

30
Q

CD11/CD18

A

Leukocyte integrins: adhesion molecules on the leukocytes that help to mediate adhesion and transmigration

31
Q

PECAM-1

A

Mediates transmigration of leukocytes out of the vasculature

Homophilic adhesion molecule expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells

Gen Path Exam 2 (3 decks)

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