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Genetics Ni Ma'am R > FINAL TERM > Flashcards

FINAL TERM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

They proposed the chromosomal theory of
inheritance(1902-1903).

A

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

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2
Q

The chromatids get connected with each other at points
known as

A

Chiasmata

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3
Q

DNA itself was identified by Swiss chemist

A

Friedrich Miescher

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4
Q

molecule is slightly acidic, high percentage of
phosphorous, later he called it

A

nuclein

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5
Q

three major components of a single nucleotide
(phosphate-sugar-base)

A

Phoebus Levene

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6
Q

(other DNA molecule) nucleotide composition
of DNA varies among species, Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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7
Q

double stranded DNA, Nature in April 1953
1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

A

James Watson and Francis Crick (1950)

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8
Q

They disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material.

A

Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase

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9
Q

Something from the dead type S bacteria was transforming the type R bacteria and S. Griffith called this process

A

Transformation

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10
Q

They Showed that DNA Is the Substance That Transforms Bacteria

A

Avery, MacLeod, and MacCarty

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11
Q

They Provided Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic Material of T2 Phage

A

Hershey and Chase

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12
Q

DNA “Saga” began when Swiss
biochemist Miescher isolated Nuclein

A

1868

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13
Q

Levene - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis

A

1910

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14
Q

Griffith - Transforming Principle

A

1928

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15
Q

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty - DNA is Transforming Principle

A

1944

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16
Q

Chargaff’s Rules - A=T, G=C

A

1950

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17
Q

Hershey & Chase - Blender Experiment

A

1952

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18
Q

Watson & Crick - A Structure for DNA

A

1953

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19
Q

➢King’s College, London
➢Initially a nuclear physicist
➢1950: X-ray diffraction work on ram
sperm and DNA from
➢With grad student Raymond Gosling
produced x-ray
➢photographs of DNA showing
crystalline structure
➢These photographs, shown at a
conference in Naples,
➢sparked James Watson’s interest in
DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins

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20
Q

“We realized that if DNA was
the gene material, then we
had just shown that genes
could crystalize…”

A

Raymond Gosling

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21
Q

English physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
● Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon fiber technology in Paris

A

Rosalind Franklin

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22
Q

Discovered 2 forms of DNA: A form (dehydrated) and B form (hydrated)

A

Rosalind Franklin

23
Q

He solved basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkin’s x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA

A

Alec Stokes

24
Q

Taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 under Franklin’s instruction

A

Photograph 51

25
Q

American chemist, biochemist, peace activist
● Contributions to science include discovery of alpha helix
and beta sheet structure of proteins, quantum chemistry
resonance work and the discovery of sickle cell anemia as
a molecular disease
● “The Nature of the Chemical Bond”
● Considered to be one of the 20 greatest scientists of all
Time.

A

Linus Pauling

26
Q

On what year Linus Pauling announced that he had discovered the structure of DNA

A

Early 1953

27
Q

Photograph of the double helix was shown to
Watson by

A

Wilkins

28
Q

Pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids, using this to determine how much of each of the component nucleotides were contained in a DNA sample. He rapidly demolished Levene’s tetranucleotide hypothesis to discover his rule on ratios

A

Erwin Chargaff

29
Q

He pointed out that the way the bases in these pairs would attach to their sugars meant that the two backbones ran in opposite directions

A

Crick

30
Q

Who took the definitive picture of
DNA using x-rays?

A

Rosalind Franklin

31
Q

The name given to the shape of DNA is?

A

Double helix

32
Q

Which scientists built a 3-D model of the
DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

33
Q

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA
in a copying process called

A

Replication

34
Q

chromosomes are made up of thousands of
shorter segments of DNA, called

A

Genes

35
Q

serves as universal
information-storage molecule
for all forms of life.

A

DNA

36
Q

is a cyclical molecule.
➢ fifth carbon atom is
attached to the fourth
carbon of the ring
➢ hydroxyl group (-OH)
attached to the third carbon
in the ring.

A

Deoxyribose

37
Q

is a phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.

A

Phosphate group

38
Q

It connects the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bonds

39
Q

nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected
by

A

Hydrogen bonds

40
Q

DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers
called

A

Proteins

41
Q

Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide
subsegments called

A

Codons

42
Q

the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes and randomly inactivated in two sexes

A

Dosage compensation

43
Q

DNA replication is

A

semiconservative

44
Q

➢Replication always starts at
specific locations on the
DNA, which are
called

A

origins of replication

45
Q

➢two Y-shaped structures
called __________ forming _________.

A

replication
forks , replication
bubble.

46
Q

What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?

A

Helicase
Single-strand binding protein
TopoIsomerase
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

47
Q

Single strand
➢ Composed of:
➢Sugar (ribose)
➢Phosphate
➢Phosphodiester linkage
➢Nitrogenous bases:
➢A,G,U,C

A

RNA

48
Q

What are the stages of RNA synthesis/ transcription?

A

Initiation stage
Elongation stage
Termination stage

49
Q

Protein coding regions

A

Exons

50
Q

Protein non-coding regions

A

Introns

51
Q
  1. Small ribosomal unit attached to the start
    codon of mRNA.
  2. Amino acid brought by specific tRNA
  3. tRNA anticodon will complement with the
    mRNA codon.
  4. Attachment of the large ribosomal unit
    (with A, P, and E sites) completing the
    translation complex.
A

Initiation stage

52
Q

-Large ribosomal subunit:
A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)-
receiving the incoming amino acid.
Protein synthesis/ Translation
P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)- where the
peptide bond between amino acid
formed
E site- exit site of uncharged tRNA.

A

Elongation process

53
Q

-elongation stops when it reaches the stop
codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

A

Termination stage

Genetics Ni Ma'am R (2 decks)

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