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Final Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA

RNA

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2
Q

What are the components of a nucleic acid?

A

Polymers of nucleotides

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3
Q

What are genes?

A

Regions of DNA that encode a functional RNA or protein

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4
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Storing genetic code

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5
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrgenous base, Pentose Sugar, Phosphate,

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6
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides?

A

Purines (Larger)

Pyrimidines (Smaller)

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7
Q

What are the 5 nucleotides - which are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A

Purines - 2 ring:

  • Adenine
  • Guanine

Pyrimidines - 1 ring:

  • Thymine (DNA)
  • Uracil (RNA)
  • Cytosine
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8
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

What are the two pentose sugars in nucleotides?

Which one is in RNA? DNA?

A

5 Carbon Sugar

RNA - Ribose

DNA - Dioxyribose

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9
Q

Which nucleotide is only used in DNA? RNA?

A

DNA - Thyamine

RNA - Uracil

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10
Q

How do the nucleotides pair up?

A

Adenine - Thymine / Uracile Guanine - Cytosine

(Apples in the Tree or Under, Cars in the Garage)

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11
Q

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

“Zippered” with HYDROGEN BONDS

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12
Q

What are histones? What is chromatin, euchromatin, heterochromatin? What are chromosomes? When are chromosomes present in a cell?

A
  • Histones: Protein that the DNA is wrapped around
  • Chromatin: Highly compacted nucleoprotein structure
  • Euchromatin: Active chromatin that gets transcribed regularly
  • Heterochromatin: Conserved chromatin
  • Chromosomes: HIGHLY compacted X shaped chromatin structures - visible only during cell division
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13
Q

DNA/RNA - How many strands does each have?

A

RNA is SINGLE stranged (doubles back on itself to pair)

DNA is a double stranded in a helix

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14
Q

DNA/RNA - Which pentose sugar is found in each?

A

RNA - Ribose

DNA - Deoxyribose

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15
Q

DNA/RNA - Which nucleic acid has multiple forms?

A

RNA

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16
Q

DNA/RNA - Which nucleotide is unique to each?

A

RNA - Uracil, DNA - Thymine

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17
Q

DNA/RNA - Which may have enzymatic activity?

A

RNA - these are known as ribozymes

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18
Q

What are the three types of RNA we studied? What is the function of each?

A
  • mRNA - messenger RNA, blueprint for proteins
  • rRNA - Forms structural component of Ribosomes (w/ proteins)
  • tRNA - Worker molecules that bring amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis
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19
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? What is the order of the flow of biological information?

A

The transfer of sequential information —

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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20
Q

What is the enzyme that synthesizes daughter DNA strands in the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase

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21
Q

What is transcription? What enzyme performs transcription?

A

Reading the DNA nucleotides and assembling a new piece of RNA based on the instruction in the DNA (Happens in the NUCLEUS), and by RNA Polymerase

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22
Q

What is translation? What structure performs translation?

A

Turning the RNA into a protein, leaves the nucleus and goes to the Ribosomes which assembles the protein

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23
Q

What is tRNA? What is its function?

A

tRNA is transfer RNA, carries amino acid and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon to assemble the protein

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24
Q

Know the structure of chromosomes: chromatids, centromere, telomere, etc.

A
  • Chromosome: Two strands of chromatin called chromatids, highly compacted
  • Centromere: connects them
  • Telomere: End cap
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25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? What is an autosome? What is a sex chromosome? What are the sex chromosomes in humans?

A
  • Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes
  • Autosome is 1-22
  • Final 23rd pair is the sex chromosome *XY or XX*
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26
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of chromosomes during cellular division that measures the shape and size of the chromosomes

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27
Q

What is a mutation? What are the different types of mutations?

A

Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

  • Point Mutation
  • Insertions
  • Deletions
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
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28
Q

What are the three types of point mutations?

A
  • Missense mutation - causes wrong aminal acid to be inserted
  • Silent mutation - point mutation that doesn’t affect the amino acid
  • Nonsense mutation - causes a stop codon to be inserted prematurely causing the premature cessation of protein translation
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29
Q

What is an insertion mutation? A deletion mutation? What is a frameshift mutation?

A
  • Insertion: One or more nucleotides is inserted
  • Deletion: removal of one or more nucleotides
  • Frameshift: Both insertions and deletions can cause frameshift - which alters the DNA product
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30
Q

Know the processes of binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. What type of cells perform each? Are the daughter cells unique or identical to the parent cell?

A

Binary Fission - Used by Prokaryotic cells, asexual reproduction, single loop of DNA replicates, membrane forms, cell divides into 2 genetically identical organisms

Mitosis - Process of eukaryotic cell division, genetically identical daugher cells

Meiosis - Eukaryotic cells to reproduce daughter cells with half of the gentic information, sexual reproduction, genetically unique individual

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31
Q

What is asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction?

A
  • Asexual - only one parent cell necessary (utilized by single celled organisms)
  • Sexual - combining of two parents to create a gentically unique individual
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32
Q

What is the cell cycle? What are the phases of the cell cycle? Which phase is longest?

A

All the stages of growth and division for a eukaryotic cell

Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Interphase is the longest

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33
Q

What are the stages of interphase? In which phase is DNA replicated?

A
  1. G1 - First gap phase - cytoplasmic increase (G0 if it never divides again)
  2. S Phase, Synthesis/DNA replication
  3. G2 - Second gap phase - Cytoplasmic growth
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34
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

2 identical copies of a chromosome (after replication) attached at a centromere

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35
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

What are the hallmark events associated with each phase?

A
  • Prophase - Chromosomes condense, form spindle, nucleolus disappears, nuclear membrane disassembles
  • Metaphase - Chromosomes align at the Middle
  • Anaphase - Sister Chromatids break at centromere and move toward opposite (cytokinesis begins)
  • Telophase - spindle fibers disassemble, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil, nucleolus reforms (cytokinesis complete - cleaved!)
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36
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cell splitting at the end of Mitosis into two daughter cells

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37
Q

What are determination and differentiation?

A

Determination - proccess of which genes will express when the cell is mature

Differentiation - when the cell becomes a specific type of cell

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38
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

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39
Q

What is meant by the terms “haploid” and “diploid”?

Which cells are haploid in humans?

A

Haploid has one copy of genetic information

Diploid has 2 copies

Only sex cells created in the process of meiosis are haploid

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40
Q

What are gonads? What are gametes?

A

Gonads are the sex organs where meisosis occurs - Testes in males, Ovaries in females

Gamete is a reproductive cell - eggs, sperm

Fertilization joins two haploid cells to create a diploid cell that is genetically unique

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41
Q

What are synapsis and crossing over? Why are they important?

A

When homologous pairs pair up and exhange limbs of genetic information to create mixed up DNA - this is what allows for genetic variation!

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42
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

2 Chromosomes with the same genes, one from mother and one from the father

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43
Q

Know the definitions of the following terms: genetics, gene, offspring, hybrid, character(istic), heritable, trait, allele, genome.

A
  • Genetics: Branch of science that studies how the characteristics of living organisms are inherited
  • Gene: Piece of DNA that codes for a protein
  • Offspring: descendants of a set of parents
  • Hybrid: Offspring of genetically different parents
  • Character(istic): a feature of an organism (i.e. eye color)
  • Heritable: character trait passed from parent to offspring
  • Trait: particular form of a character (i.e. blue eye) Allele: specific version of a gene
  • Genome: set of al the genes necessary for an organisms characteristics
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44
Q

What is an organisms genotype? Its phenotype?

A
  • Genotype: The combination of alleles that are present in the organisms cells
  • Phenotype: The resulting outwardly apearance
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45
Q

Who is considered the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

1822 - 1884

46
Q

Understand the concept of dominance/recessiveness.

A
  • Dominant allele masks another allele
  • Recessive allele is masked by dominant
47
Q

What is meant by the term homozygous? Heterozygous? Which produces sex cells with only one type of an allele?

A

Homozygous - 2 identical alleles (dominant or recessive)

Heterozygous - two different alleles

If an organism has two identical alleles for a characteristic it can produce sex cells with only one type of allele.

48
Q

What is a Punnett square?

A

Shows the possible offspring a specific genetic cross

49
Q

Understand the concept of a single-factor cross, a double factor cross, a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.

A

Single-factor - studies just one characteristic, Mono-hybrid is when both organisms are heterozygous for the ONE observed gene

Double factor - looks at multiple characteristics, dihybrid - cross between two that are heterozyous for BOTH obseved genes

50
Q

What genotypic and phenotypic ratios will be observed in each type of cross?

A

Monohybrid:

  • SF MC Genotype Ratio 1:2:1
  • SF MC Phenotype Ratio 3:1

Dihybrid

  • DF DC Phenotypes Ratio 9:3:3:1
  • The genotypic ratios are: RRYY 1: RRYy 2: RRyy 1: RrYY 2: RrYy 4: Rryy 2: rrYY 1: rrYy 2: rryy 1.
51
Q

What are the three Mendelian Laws of Genetics? Which one is always followed? What are the exceptions to the other two?

A

Law of Segregation - In gamete formation, the alleles separate so that each gamete only receives one member of the pair of alleles. Always applies as long as gametes are properly formed

Law of Independent Assortment - Alleles on different genes assort independently, exception is sex chromosomes, more accurate that chromosomes assort independently

Law of Dominance - some alleles interact in dominant/recessive manner, there are several exceptions because not all alleles have a pure dominant/recessive relationship

52
Q

codominance

A

Checkered Chicken, ABO blood

No total dominant, so BOTH alleles are expressed phenotypically

53
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Pink Snapdragons

Heterozygote is an intermediate between two homozygote - BLENDED

54
Q

multiple alleles

A

ABO Blood type, 3 alleles, 6 ways

There are 2 or more possible alleles for a single trait

55
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

Skin color Interactions of several genes

56
Q

pleiotropy

A

Marfan Syndrome

Single gene with multiple phenotype effects

57
Q

autosomal and sex linkage

A

Autosomal - if they sit closesly enough together they are likely to be inherited together

Sex linkage - if they sit on the X or Y Chromosome

58
Q

What is the definition of evolution? Microevolution? Macroevolution?

A

Evolution: Change in the frequency of genetically-determined characteristics within a population over time

Microevolution: minor differences in allele frequency b/t populations of the same species resulting in genetic differences between sub species

Macroevolution: MAJOR differences that have occured over long periods of time that have resulted in so much genetic change that new kinds of species are produced

59
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste de LaMarck’s hypothesis?

A

Acquired characteristics are traits gained during an organism’s life and not determined genetically

60
Q

What is natural selection? Artificial selection?

A

The differential SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION of individuals due to differences in phenotype

Artificial more commonly known as selective breeding

61
Q

Who developed the theory of natural selection as a mechanism of evolution? What was his book titled?

A

Charles Darwin - On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

62
Q

Know the assumptions that must be made for the theory of natural selection. Also know how Mendel’s contributions modified these assumptions.

A
  1. All organisms produce MORE offspring than can survive (Mendel - Overproduce results in surplus organisms)
  2. No two organisms are exactly alike (Mutation occurs/new genetically determeined traits enter gene pool.)
  3. Among organisms, there is a constant struggle for survival (Resources are in short supply, some individuals do without - Competition, Environmental factors)
  4. Individuals that possess favorable characteristics for their environment have a higher rate of survival and produce more offspring (Selecting agents favor ind. most likely to survive and reproduce - selected against if it has fewer offspring than other individuals with a more favorable combination of alleles)
  5. Favorable characteristics become more common in the species, unfavorable characteristics are lost (Alleles that produce better outcomes will be better adapted to the enviornment)
63
Q

What are selecting/evolutionary agents?

A

The environmental factors that affect survival

(i.e. disease, predators, helpful partnerships with other species)

64
Q

What is meant by the term fitness?

A

The success of an organism in passing on its genes to the next genration compared with other members of its population

65
Q

What are the factors that affect how a species changes over time?

A
  1. Environmental Factors - how well individuals characteristics match the demands of its environment
  2. Sexual Reproduction
  3. The amount of genetic diversity - large gene pool allows some individuals to adapt to a changing environment
66
Q

Know the common misconceptions about evolution e.g. will acquired characteristics be inherited by an organism’s offspring?

A
  • Evolution only happened in the past
  • Evolution has a predetermined goal
  • Changes in the environment cause the mutations that are needed to survive new environmental conditions
  • Individual organisms evolve
  • Many of the current species can be showen to be derived from other present-day species
  • Alleles that are valuable to an organisms survival become dominant
67
Q

Know the common misconceptions about natural selection

A
  • Survival of the fittest - reproduction is more important factor, number of descendents
  • Struggle for life does not just mean open conflict
  • Phenotypic characteristics that are acquired through life but not genetically determined and not passed to offspring
  • Relationship between the mechanism of natural selection (death, reproductive success, mate choic) and the outcomes of the natural seleciton process
68
Q

What are the mechanisms we studied that affect genetic diversity?

A

Mutation - most are not beneficial to organism, alter specific genes

Migration - individuals entering or leaving a population

Sexual Reproduction - creates new genetic combinations

Genetic Recombination - mixing of genes that occurs when gamets fuse in sex rep

69
Q

What is penetrance? Expressivity?

A

Penetrance - how often an alelle expresses itselve

Expressivity - to what extend a genotype is expressed in the phenotype

70
Q

Understand why some genes may avoid natural selection.

A

Some genes can only be expressed during specific period during the life (later in life after kids wouldn’t alter natural selection)

Organism may die before the characteristic is expressed

Some need environmental triggers

Recessive alleles must be present in the homozygous condition before expressed

71
Q

What are the processes that drive selection?

A
  • Differential Survival - large numbers will have different traits that make their survival more or less difficult
  • Differential Reproductive Rates - similar survival rates could have different reproductive rates, more genes in subsequent population
  • Differential Mate Choice - Sexual Selection - some chosen more frequently as mate - body size, aggressiveness, conspicuous characteristics
72
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

When some individuals within animal population are chosen as mates more frequently than others

73
Q

What are the three patters of selection we studied? Know the effects of each on a population.

A

Stabilizing Selection - extremes of characteristic selected against

Directional Selection - One extreme is selected for

Disruptive Selection - Both extremes are selected for

74
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Why is it important?

A

When gene frequencies are constant over several generations, evolution is not taking place at that time.

It rarely exists, but gives a mathmatical formula to prove that evolution is still happening. Gives a baseline

75
Q

Know the definitions of: biological systematics, taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics.

A

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS - STUDY of the DIVERSIFICATION of living things, both past and present, and the RELATIONSHIP of living things through TIME

TAXONOMY - SCIENCE of DEFINING AND NAMING groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

PHYLOGENETICS - STUDY evolutionary history, development, and relationships among groups of organisms.

CLADISTICS - approach to BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION in which organisms are categorized based on SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS that can be traced to a group’s most recent COMMON ANCESTOR

76
Q

What is binomial nomenclature? Who developed it? What does each of the 2 names represent?

A
  • The system of naming an organism using two Latin names for the genus and species
  • CAROLUS LINNEUS
  • Genus species
77
Q

Know the hierarchy of classification

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
78
Q

How many domains exist? What are they? Which ones are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic?

A
  • 3 domains
  • Bacteria, Archaea, EUkarya
  • Bacteria, Archaea - prokaryotic
79
Q

How many kingdoms does each domain have? What are the 4 kingdoms in domain Eukarya? Which one is now being considered as a collection of phyla rather than a true kingdom?

A

1 kingdom each in

  • Bacteria (Eubacteria)
  • Archae

4 Kingdoms of Eukarya:

  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Protista - possibly phyla, not true kingdom
  • Fungi
80
Q

What is the Ernst Mayr definition of a species?

A

Natural population of organisms (actually and potentially) capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

81
Q

What evidence do phylogeneticists use to establish evolutionary histories?

A
  1. Fossil record,
  2. Comparitive anatomy,
  3. Life cycle information,
  4. Biochemical & molecular evidence
82
Q

What are homologous vs. analogous structures?

A
  • Homologous Structure - common ancestor/origin (bats, birds)
  • Analogous Structure - similar function, but developed independently
83
Q

Know the general characteristics of each of the three domains that we studied e.g. prokaryotic/eukaryotic, uni- or multicellular, shapes, nutritional types, reproduction, etc.

A

Domain Bacteria - Prokaryotic (no nuclear envelope, single celled) -

  • Rods, Spheres, Spirals
  • Single loop of DNA, reproduce by Binary Fission, exhange plasmids
  • Autotrophic or heterotrophic (Some photoautotrophs) -
  • Phototrophic, lithotrophic or organotrophic -
  • Aerobic or anaerobic

Domain Archaea - Prokaryotic

  • Spheres, rods, spirals, plates
  • loops of DNA, reproduce with Binary Fission, exhange plasmids
  • Phototrophs, lithotrophs, or organotrophs as well as autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • extremophiles

Domain Eukarya -Eukaryotic (both multicellular, unicelluar)

  • all animals and fungi heterotrophic, some Protists - autotrophic, mixotrophic, plants autotrophic
  • some mitosis, some meiosis
84
Q

Understand noncellular infectious particles: viruses, viroids, and prions.

A

Viruses - nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat (obligate intracellular parasites)

Viroids - infectious particle of looped RNA, only found in plants, don’t infect animals

Prions - infectious protein particle

85
Q

What is an ecosystem? Environment?

A

Ecosystem is all of the communities that interact with the physical world in a particular place.

Ecologists define environment as anything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

86
Q

Know biotic vs. abiotic factors.

A

Biotic factors are living things that affect an organism: – Trees, disease organisms, animals, etc.

Abiotic factors are nonliving factors that affect an organism: – Wind, rain, sunlight, temperature, elevation, etc.

87
Q

What is a trophic level? A food chain? Food web?

A

In general, energy flows from the Sun to plants, and from plants to animals, but there are recognizable steps in this flow.

Each step in the flow of energy is known as a trophic level.

A food chain is the series of organisms feeding on one another.

A food web is the interconnection among food chains.

88
Q

What are the three categories of organisms in an ecosystem? Which one is autotrophic?

A
  • Producers - The only autotroph
  • Consumers
  • Decomposers
89
Q

Which category is the first trophic level? Second? Third? Fourth?

A
  • Producers - First trophic level
  • Primary Consumers (herbivores) - 2nd trophic level
  • Secondary Consumers / Primary Carnivores (consume herbivores) 3rd trophic level
  • Secondary Carnivores (consume primary carnivores) 4th trophic level
90
Q

Know the different types of consumers:

A
  • herbivores Only eat plants (deer, goose, cricket, vegetarian human)
  • carnivores Only eat other animals (wolf, pike, dragonfly)
  • omnivores Eat both plants and animal (rats, most humans, brown bears)
  • scavengers Eats food left by others (Vulture, skunk, coyote, crayfish)
  • parasites Lives in or on another organism, using it for food (Tick, tapeworm)
91
Q

What two types of organisms comprise the bulk of the decomposer category?

A

Bacteria and Fungi

92
Q

Understand that energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next. Which level has the most energy? The least?

A

Due primarily to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, energy is lost as it passes from one trophic level to the next.

First trophic level has the most energy.

93
Q

Understand the effects that biological interactions have on an organism.

A

Biological interactions are typically classified by the effect the relationship has on the two organisms in the relationship.

A relationship may have the following effects on an organism:

  • Positive +
  • Negative –
  • Neutral 0
94
Q

What is competition? Intra- vs. interspecific competition? What effect does this have on each organism?

A
  • Intraspecific - competition among individuals of the same species
  • Interspecific - competition amoung individuals of different species - may exclude species from a habitat or even cause the extinction of a species

note speci here

95
Q

What is a niche? What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

A niche is the specific functional role an organism has in its community

No two species of organisms can occupy the same niche – this is known as the competitive exclusion principle.

96
Q

What is predation? What effect does it have on the predator? The prey?

A

Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures, kills, and eats another organism. This results in a benefit to the predator and harm to the prey.

97
Q

What is meant by the term symbiosis? What are the four types of symbiotic relationships? What effect will each one have one each organism in the relationship? Be able to recognize examples of each.

A

Symbiosis – Living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate ecological relationship

  1. Mutualism – symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit (Lichen) (+/+) -
  2. Commensalism – win/neutral – an interaction that benefits one participant but has a neutral effect on the other (Remora) (+/0) -
  3. Amensalism – interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other (0/-) o Example would be animals trampling grass or falling tree crushing – most examples are accidents -
  4. Parasitism – interaction where an organism benefits by inflicting harm to another (+/-)
98
Q

What is a biogeochemical cycle?

A

The pattern of movement of a chemical element through organisms and reservoirs in the physical environment

99
Q

What are the six most common elements in living organisms?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

CHNOPS

100
Q

Understand each of the cycles we studied in class: carbon cycle, hydrological cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle.

A

Carbon Cycle - incorporation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules by producers, organic molecules are then broken into C02 by respiration or decomposition

Hydrological - The cycling of water through oceans, atmosphere, and land is known as the hydrological cycle. Most of the hydrological cycle is driven by geological and atmospheric processes.

Nitrogen Cycle - Atmospheric elemental nitrogen (N2) can only be utilized by a very few species of organisms – certain species of bacteria and cyanobacteria. These nitrogen-fixing bacteria are essential for incorporating elemental nitrogen into organic compounds. (Need to make nucelotides, amino acids)

Phosphorus Cycle - Most of the processes of the phosphorus cycle are the geological processes of erosion and deposition. Plants incorporate phosphorus from the soil into organic molecules. Animals obtain phosphorus from consumption of plants or other animals.

101
Q

What is meant by the term fixation (e.g. carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation)?

A

Conversion of unusable molecules into a usable ones

102
Q

What three elements are common components of fertilizer? What is eutrophication?

A

Both phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are large components of fertilizers.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (as potash)

Eutrophication: The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates, typically cause excessive growth of algae. (Often from Farm runoff)

103
Q

What are the two types of reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions - uses photon and water to produce ATP and NADPH and O2 (H+ becomes the motive force for electron transport chain)

Light-independent reactions (The Calvin Cycle) - uses the ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce G3P *then made into other carbohydrates

104
Q

What molecule is utilized by green plants, some algae, and some bacteria for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

105
Q

In what organelle does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

106
Q

Know the internal structure of a chloroplast: inner and outer membrane, thylakoid, lumen, stroma, granum.

A

(STUDY IMAGE)

107
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? The light-independent reactions? What is another name for the light-independent reactions?

A

Light-dependent take place inside the LUMEN of the THYLAKOID

Light-independent reactions take place in the STROMA of the CHLOROPLAST

108
Q

What is a photosystem? A reaction center?

A

Photosystem is a group of chlorophyll molecules w/ their associated enzymes - act as antennas to capture light energy and pass it to one central chlorophyll molecule - the reaction center - this chlorophyll molecule donates one of its electrons to an electron transport chain

109
Q

What molecules are produced in the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

110
Q

What is photolysis? Why is it necessary?

A

Breaking water apart, it is necessary for the oxidized Chlorophyll to get back the electron that was donated to the electron transport chain - but more importantly, this is the process that creates Oxygen as a biproduct

Enzymes in Photosystem II break water molecules into molecular oxygen, electrons, and hydrogen ions:

2H2O à 4H+ + 4e- + O2

111
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis? How does this process fit into the carbon cycle?

A

Products of Photosynthesis are O2 and Sugar (G3P, which can be made into Glucose)

Bio 101 (2 decks)

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