Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Picasso’s styles & Periods
A
- Academic (earliest works
- Blue Period
- Rose Period
- Cubism (Analytical & Synthetic)
- Black or African Period
- Classical
*Late in life he returned to the masters w/his own spin.
*He also experimented in sculpture & ceramics
*African Art influence
*Born in Malaga, Spain
*He takes his moms last name
2
Q
A
Picasso
“The Dream”
Cubism
Subject: Marie Therese
- most peaceful image of a woman
- sold for $139mill, after Steve Young left a whole by accident.
- was his lover & had a daughter named Maya
3
Q
A
Picasso
“Portrait of Dora Maar”
Neoclassicist & Surrealist Period
- Surrealism style
- artist lover, photographer, poet & painter
- model/subject of his art in his late years
- she was sterile, & was his “private muse”
- subject of the The Weeping Woman, she was his “woman in tears” in many aspects.
4
Q
A
Picasso
“Portrait of Olga in an Armchair”
Representational/Classical/Academic Style
- Olga was his 1st wife, she was a dancer
- She wanted to be painted in representational style.
5
Q
A
Picasso
“Girl with a Mandolin”
Analytical Cubism (1st face of cubism, 1907-1912)
- colors are taupes, grays, browns
- nearly monochromatic
- basic geometric patterns
- reconciled 3D parts w/ 2D plane
- color subdued
6
Q
A
Picasso
“Three Musicians”
Synthetic Cubism (2nd face of cubism)
- brighter/bold colors, such primary colors
- three figures:
- Pierrot=Apollinaire, poet & critic (with a recorder)
- Harlequin=Picasso (playing a violin)
- the Friar=Max Jacob, poet (holds an accordion)
- three masked musicians in painting represent comic figures from the tradition of popular theater in Italy.
- a nostalgic elegy to a trio of friends.
7
Q
Cubism
A
- most influential artm movement (1907-1914)
- discovered by Picasso & George Braque in 1907. Also both developed collage (papier colle).
- inspired by African sculpture
- by painters Paul Cezanne & George Seurat and by teh Fauves
- subject matter is broken up, analyzed & reassembled in an abstracted form.
- begin after Cezanned in 1904 told artist to treat nature in terms of the Cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.
- 3phases:
- Facet Cubism
- Analitic Cubism
- Synthetic Cubism
8
Q
Analytic & Synthetic Cubism
A
Analytic Cubism
- 1st face of cubism
- color are monochromatic, taupes, grays, browns
- color subdued
- basic geometric parts & reconciled 3Dparts w/2D plane.
- natural forms in terms of the cylinder, sphere & the cone
Synthetic Cubism
- 2nd phase of cubism
- brighter colors such primary colors
- many objects together, incorporate musical instruments embedded in the painting
- collage materials & mixed media
9
Q
A
Picasso
“First Communion”
Academic Period
- reminescent of Courbet’s work
- very classical
10
Q
A
Picasso
“Life”
Blue Period
- Despair over loss of friend Casagemas
- shows Casegemas w/lover & a woman holding a baby away from the couple-loss of hope, a future.
- loss of hope, dreams & a future
- idea of loss of Casagemas family line.
- monochromatic
11
Q
A
Picasso
“A boy with Pipe”
Rose Period
- period associated w/circus, carnival themes
- lighter palette, happier
- painted circus performers
- representational, rose background
- boy in cusp of adulthood
- a child acting like a man
- Picasso was 24, when he made this painting
- sold for $104million.
12
Q
A
Picasso
“Gertrude Stein Portrait”
Rose Period
- Expressionism style
- rose background
13
Q
A
Picasso
“Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon”
Cubism
- 1st Cubist work
- some consider a pre-cubist work
- initially not well received
- Iberian heads influence “savage beauty”
- a turning point to introduce ideas of cubism
- 700 prep drawings (preoccupation w/subject matter)-ladies from a brothel
- African art influence, tribal, cubism
14
Q
A
Picasso
“Seated Bather”
Classical Period
- More classical art, but still experimenting w/cubism
- large sculptural, heavy contour lines
- art more (+) at this time
- experimented w/sculpture & ceramics
- images of motherhood, solid, sculptural quality to women.
Late work:
- he returns to the masters
15
Q
FAUVES artists
A
- Matisse
- Andre Derain
- Constantin Brancusi
all influenced by African art objects
FAUVISM:
- early 20th c. art movement & style of painting in France.
- Fauves, French for “Wild Beasts”
- intense colors in violent, uncontrolled way.
- the leader of Fauves was Henri Matisse
16
Q
A
Matisse
“Blue Nude”
Fauvism
- painterly
- African influence
- “savage”
17
Q
A
Andre Derain
“London Bridge”
Fauvism
- bright, wild colors
- enthusiam for explosive color of Fauvism, but was attracted to more ordered & traditional concept of painting.
- painterly variation of brushstrokes
18
Q
African Art Influenced?
A
- Picasso
- Matisse
- Brancusi
- others
19
Q
A
Brancusi
“Sleeping Muse” 1909
Expressionism
- sculpture
- work often features the egg, the sphere, organic natural forms
- Constantine Brancusi
- expressionism-simplifies the forms
20
Q
A
Brancusi
“Torso of a Young Man”
Expressionism
Bronze Sculpture
- non-representational work
21
Q
A
Brancusi
“The Kiss”
Expressionism
Stone Sculpture
- non-representational
- influence by Rodin’s famous marble sculpture The Kiss
- influence by Cubist sculpture, works of primitivist vein such as carved wooden or sonte figures of Derain
22
Q
German Expressionism
A
Die Brucke
- a group of German Expressionist artists based in Dresden & Berlin bet. 1905-1913
- mostly painters, they depicted landscapes, nudes, and carnival performers in strong colors and broad forms.
- revived the German woodcut tradition, but as a form of personal expression
- Die Brucke is German for “The Bridge”, not intended as a style, but as a bridge toward a better future.
- Interest in German & French philosophy
- Develop the humanistic, expressive aspects of art.
Hitler was against these “degenerates”
- 6 out of 112 artists represented in the exhibit were Jewish.
- German expressionists were subject to intense, negative verbal attacks from the Nazis.
- Hitler supported academic, highly-representational-more academic painting styles.
23
Q
A
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
“Street, Dresden”
German Expressionism
- famous for Berlin street paintings
- co-founder of early expressionist group Die Breche
- flat, distinctive faces
- Work was included in Degenerate Art Exhition, w/purpose to humiliate & end the art in Germany by Hitler.
24
Q
A
Kirchner
“Berlin Street Scene” 1913-1914
German Expressionism
- famous for Berlin street scenes
- sold in 2007 for $38 million
- reminescent of Picasso’s 1901 Absinthe Drinker
- people look distinctive
- some of his paintings destroyed by Nazis
- distrustful & introvert personality, sensitive, & did not easily forgive
25
Q
A
Max Beckman
“Portrait in Tuxedo” 1927
German Expressionism
- known for intense self-portraits
- looked back at print-making, woodcuts
- sophisticated, elegant, roaring 1920s.
26
Q
A
Beckman
“The Night”
German Expressionism
- haunting, sadistic, disturbing
- twisted contorted figures
- sharp, angular forms, pressed violently against each other
- linear & aerial persperctive is mission
- sadomasochist
- subject matter very edgy
- many of his horrendous images were influenced by war
27
Q
Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) Group
A
- Der Blaue Reiter named for founding member Franz Marc’s love of horses & Wassily Kandinsky’s fondness & use of color blue.
- An artist group that believed in symbolic color, esp. in Blue-a spiritual color.
- interest in color symbolism & semiotics (study of signs & symbols & their use/interpretation).
- Goal was to obtain spiritual truths via their art.
- promoted modern art & the connection of art & music
Artists:
- Franz Marc (German Expressionist)
- Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Expressionist)
- Alexej von Jawlensky (Russian Expressionist)
28
Q
A
Franz Marc
“Blue Horses” 1911
German Expressionism
Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) member
- believed in symbolic color, semionistics (signs & symbols), esp. blue-spiritual color
- loved animals, liked their innocense
- preferred animals over people, mainly painted animals-horses
- palette primary colors
- pantheistic vision of nature-believed animals possessed a God-likeness
- Fauvism influence, “Arcadian” life.
- gender stereotypes:
- blue-masculine, spiritual
- yellow-femenine, gentle
- red-violence, materiality
29
Q
A
Wassily Kandinsky
“Improvisation 30” 1913
Der Blaue Rider member, Russian Expressionist
- sometimes referred to as “Cannons”, a war like theme
- “father of abstraction”
- idea of not having to look at anything
- non-objective art
- connection of art & music
- wrote: Concerning the Spiritual in Art
30
Q
A
Alexej von Jawlensky
“Abstract Heads” 1910
Der Blaue Reiter member, Russian Expressionist
- famous for distinctive abstract portrait heads
- remarkably modern & before his time (in 1910s).
31
Q
Dadaism
A
- Developed in Zurich
- anti-art movement
- associated with babytalk, nonsensical
- first rule- there are no rules.
- developed “ready made” art
- reaction to WWI & a kind of protest art
- rejected “isms” or organized art
- interest in found objects
- officially not a movement & its artist were not artist & their art was not art
- Dadais a state of mind, is artistic free-thinking, gives itself to nothing.
Artists: Hans/Arp, Duchamp, Man Ray
32
Q
A
Jean Hans/Arp
“Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance”
Dada
- founding Dada member
- he is also associated w/surrealism
- abstract artist/sculptor
- his sculpute resemples smooshed gummy bears, biomorphic feel
33
Q
A
Marcel Duchamp
“Nude Descending a Staircase”
Dada
- kinetic, active
- cubist influence
- ridiculed @ NY Armony Show in 1913
- Highly influential artist today
34
Q
A
Marcel Duchamp
“The Bride Sripped Bare by her Bachelors”
Dada
- symbolic painting
- empowering the “artist”
- sexualized machinery
- kinetic art
- fascinated by machinery/mechanical age
- included dust accumulated
- broke during transit & he said it was done
35
Q
A
Man Ray
“Le Violin d’Ingres” 1920
Dada
- rayograph processing of photograph, a cameraless technique
- model KIKI
- musical Fstops, sound wholes on her back
- woman as an instrument to be played
- sexualized
- Inspired by Ingres’ “Bather”, neoclassical work
36
Q
A
Man Ray
“Glass Tears” 1932
Dada
- gelatin silver print
- created after the artist’s break-up w/his assistant and lover Lee Miller
- model is a fashion mannequin w/glass bead tears on the cheeks
- explores the real and unreal
- emotive expression, plaintive upward glance intended to invoke wonder at the cause of her distress.
37
Q
A
Amedeo Modigliani
“Jeanne Hebuterne Portrait”
Expressionism
- model is his live-in girlfriend
- Tragic tale: artist dies of tuberculosis & alcoholism, 8 month girlfriend commits suicide after his death.
- intense stereotype of the “artistic persona”: avant-gard/bohemian/temperament artist
- modernist, romantic cliche
- known for his beautiful women faces, elongated necks & blank gaze
38
Q
A
Amedeo Modigliani
“Head”
Limestone Sculpture
- African influence
- abstractead, geometricized features
- characteristics: long nose, almond eyes & columnar necks
- didn’t continue sculpture bec. of his health & expense of teh materials.
39
Q
De Stijl
A
De Stijl
- art movement advocating pure abstraction & simplicity form reduced to rectangular & other geometric shapes, & color to the primary colors with black & white.
- Devaluation of tradition, need for abstraction/simplification.
- Piet Mondrian (Dutch, 1872-1944), group leader, he published manifesto titled Neo-Plasticism
- Theo Van Doesberg (Dutch), started a journal name De Stijl (about their theories)
- This work influenced the Bauhaus & the International Style.
Artists: Mondrian
40
Q
A
Piet Mondrain
“Composition”
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
- used primary colors, black & white
- de Stijl, art movement advocating to pure abstraction
- neoplasticism, emphasis on formal structure of a work of art, restriction of space or linear relations to vertical & horizontal movements, as well as restriction of the artists palette.
- interest in infinite line & infinite shape
- abstract painting
41
Q
A
Piet Mondrian
“Broadway Boogie Woogie”
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
- de Stijl art movement advocated to pure abstraction
- Abstract
- Dutch painter
- influenced by pulse of NY & de Stijl (art movement advocating to pure abstraction)
- neoplasticism, emphasis on formal structure, restriction of space & linear relations to vertical & horizontal movement & restriction of artists palette.
42
Q
A
Piet Mondrian
“Tableau 2”
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
- abstract
- lines stop short of the picture’s edges (implying that it is a self-contained unit)
- artist studio looked like a lab, more of a scientist or priest than an artist studio.
- remembered for his reduced linear forms
43
Q
Surrealism?
A
Surrealism
- **20th c. avant-garde art movement **
- originated in the nihilistc ideas of the Dadaist & French literaray figures, esp. of its founder, French writer Andre Breton.
- Andre Breton wrote three manisfestos about Surrealism
- **influenced by psychoanalysis theories of Sigmund Freud. **
- Surrealist work can have a realistic, irrational style, describing dreamlike fantasies.
- most active in 1920s -1930s/40s
artists:
- Magritte, Dali, Tanguy, Openheim, Kahlo
- inspired partly by symbolism & methaphysical painting of de Chirico.
44
Q
Andre Breton, Manisfesto Surrealism
A
Andre Breton, Manifesto Surrealism
- based on belief in superior reality of certain forms, in the omnipotence of the dream & in the disinterested play of thought
- dream & reality, seemingly so contradictory, into a kind of absolute reality, a surreality.
- a quest of surreality
- central significance of dreams & the unconscious, as well as the use of free association (allow words/images to suggest other words/images w/out imposing rational connections/structures)
45
Q
A
Joan Miro
“Carnival of Harlequin” 1925
Surrealism
- biomorphic shapes (resembleling natural living organisms)
- ameba-like & organic forms
- imaginative & childlike, whimsical
- genre scenes-referes to everyday life
- Catalan, Spain painter
46
Q
A
Salvador Dali
“Accommodations of Desire” 1929
Surrealism
- “paranoiac-critical” method: the creation of a visionary reality from elements of visions, dreams, memories, & psychological or pathological distortions.
- used trompe l’oeil technique, to make his dream-world more tangibly real than observed nature
- referred to his paintings as “hand-painted dream photographs”
- used familiar objects: watches, insects, pianos, telephones, old prints/photographs
- this painting incl collage, using lions’ heads, desolate landscape, army of ants
- painted during hi courtship to Gala (while still married to Eluard), depicts his intense sexual anxiety
47
Q
A
Salvador Dali
“Persistence of Memory” 1931
Surrealism
- miniaturist technique goes back to 15th c. flemish art
- sour greens & yellows recall 19th c. chromolithographs
- infinite space
- recognizable objects in unusual context w/unnatural attributes & unexpected scale
- morphology of hard & soft (melting objects)
48
Q
A
Salvador Dali
“Soft Construction with Boiled Beans” 1936
Surrealism
- perception of war
- typical Dali “wasteland” in blue/yellow colors
- stretching/rubbery quality
- ambiguous, disturbing
49
Q
Trompe l-oeuil technique
A
Trompe L-oeuil technique
- style of painting in which objects are depicted w/photographically realistic detail
- fools the eye- something that misleads or deceives the senses: Illusion
50
Q
A
Rene Magritte
“This is not a pipe” 1948
Surrealism
- Belgium artist
- his mother was fished out of the water with her dress over her head.
- trompe l’oeuil, fools the eye
- hiper realist
- pre-occupied w/cloud images & women w/head cut-off/covered.
- painte in Paris & later moved back to Brussels after quarrel w/Surrealist
51
Q
A
Rene Magritte
“The Lovers” 1928
Surrealism
- shadowed heads
- poss. related to his mother’s death, his art often reflects subjects head covered.
52
Q
A
Rene Magritte
“Human Condition” 1935 & 1933
Surrealism
- picture w/in a picture
- reality is what??
53
Q
A
Rene Magritte
“Son of Man” 1964
Surrealism
- Thomas Crown Affair movie featured the painting as part of its story.
54
Q
A
Rene Magritte
“Great War” 1964
Surrealism
- title of art has nothing to do w/subject
- his work often depict subjects face covered, poss. related to his mother’s death.
55
Q
A
Meret Oppenheim
“Object” or “Luncheon in Fur” 1936
Surrealism
- inspired by discussion w/Picasso that almost anything can be covered in fur, even a teacup.
- transformed gentle items assoc. w/feminine into sensuous sexualized work
- swiss painter & sculptor & model for Manray
- influenced by Bauhaus exhibit
- assoc. w/Surrealist & Dadas
56
Q
A
Frida Kahlo
“Self-Portrait on the Border between Mexio & the US” 1932
Surrealism
- symbol of “mexicanness”
- icon of feminism
- torn bet her individualized & traditional world
- represents different aspects of her life.
- mexican painter
57
Q
A
Frida Kahlo
“Self Portrait with Thorn Necklace”
Naive Art (Privitivism)
- Indiginous painting
- self-portraits, was introspective
- pre-occupied w/self-image
- had auto accident, left her in pain/anguish over 30 surgeries.
- role of martyr, documents her grief
- remarried Diego Rivera (artist), love/hate relationship.
58
Q
A
Frida Kahlo
“Broken Column” 1944
Surrealism / Naive Art (Primitivism)
- documents her pain/anguish
- over 30 surgeries due to auto accident
- autobiography through self-portraits
- extremely injured, a rod replaced/held her spine.
59
Q
Abstract Expressionism
A
Abstract Expressionism
- painting movement which artist applied paint rapidly, w/force to huge canvases in an effort to show feelings, emotions
- painting gesturally
- non-geometically
- using large brushes or dripping/throwing paint
- abstract art, no effort to represent subject
60
Q
A
Jackson Pollock
“Mural” 1943
Abstract Expressionism
- uses enamel household/garage paint
- paints on the floor, driping paint as he moves around
- active, gestural painting, individual connection to his work/creation.
- original, innovative, new work
- supported by patrons-Peggy Guggenheim & critic-Clement Greenberg.
“Lavender Mist”
Abstract expressionism
- Action painting
- Drip period
- many untitled artwork
61
Q
A
Rothko
“Magenta, Black, Green on Orange)
Color Field Painting
- Abstract
- vertically aligned rectangular forms set w/in color field
- large scale, open structure & thin layers of color combined to convey the impression of shallow pictorial space
- color assoc. w/ emotions
- broad bands of color
- art flourished after WWII
62
Q
Rothko Chapel, what is significant about this paintings?
A
Rothko
“Rothko Chapel” 1967
Minimalism, Installation
- artist commited suicide
- connect w/depth, spirituality
- before suicide his palette was gray & black
- did not frame his work, believed it would separate the reality of the painting
63
Q
A
Willem de Kooning
“Woman I” 1952
Abstract Expressionism
- gestural, active, slashing
- deep cuts in the heavy paint
- mouth looks dangerous
- Dutch painter
“Woman & Bycycle”
- high stileto shoes
- in a dress
- two mouths
also dis collage work
64
Q
A
Robert Motherwell
“Elegy to the Spanish Republic No.34”, 1954
Abstract Expressionist
- life & death in its most abstract form
- reaction to the rally on the Spanish Civil War
- Black is death, White is life (artist statement)
- felt humanity was regressing; represented tragedy & death
65
Q
A
Helen Frankenthaler
“Mountains and Sea”
Abstract Expressionism
- color staining on raw canvas to create an integration where color & ground cease to exist.
- pouring technique & staining technique (merges some ideas of Pollock & Rothko)
- distinctive stains, free flowing
66
Q
Minimalism?
A
Minimalism
- 20th c. art movement
- style stress the idea of reducing work of art to a minimum number of colors, values, shapes, lines & textures
- no attempt is made to represent or symbolize any object or experience
- sometimes called ABC art, minimal art, rejective art
- 60-70s to present
67
Q
A
Donald Judd
“Concrete box”
Minimalism
- all his work is about the BOX
- Judd, box stacked
68
Q
A
Frank Stella
“Black Paintings” or Black Moods
Minimalism
- typical in black series
- repetion of forms/lines
- some works in color
69
Q
A
Chrysler Building, NY
Art Deco
Architect William Van Alen
- special steel facing
- escentric crescent-shaped
- steps of the spire made of stainless steel
- steel gargoyles & eagle heads
- hub caps
- sun-burst style
- art deco-sharp edges, papirus motifs
70
Q
A
Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain
Architect: Gaudi
Art Nouveau
- whimsical, imaginative
- influenced by midieval ages
- Gothic revival art style
- mix of many styles
71
Q
A
Frank Lloyd Wright architect
- Prairie houses
- interest in circles & spirals in later work
72
Q
A
Guggenheim Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright
- circle & spiral design
- worke s/Sullivan
73
Q
A
Bauhaus
- influential German School of art & design
- the Bauhaus aesthetic was utopianism, ideals of simplified forms, unadorned functionalism
- believe machine economy delivered elegantly designed for the masses, using techniques & material in industrial fabrication & manufacture-steel, concret, chrome, glass, etc.
74
Q
Walter Gropious?
A
Bauhaus artist
radical artist in Berlin
developed new & innovative artistic ideas
- simplistic housing
75
Q
International Style
A
International Style
- a major architectural style
- emerged in the 1920s & 1930s
- the formative decades of modern architecture
- no ornamentation, truth to materials, form follow function, houses as machines for living
- follows Bauhaus designs Int
76
Q
Prairie Style Architecture?
A
Frank Lloyd inspiration for an indigenous architecture
- distinguished by horizontal line emphasize on the exterior
- low pitched hipped roof, long bands of windows
- wide ovehanging eves & brick courses or wood bands
- Inside: open floor plan, furnishure is secondary, natural finishes & simplistic
77
Q
A
Hannah Wilke
“Curlers Chewing gum” 1974
Feminist
- documents her proces w/her body
- gave a face to breast cancer
- her mother died of cancer
- questions vanity of women
- femenist & iconic image
