Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Picasso’s styles & Periods
A
- Academic (earliest works
- Blue Period
- Rose Period
- Cubism (Analytical & Synthetic)
- Black or African Period
- Classical
*Late in life he returned to the masters w/his own spin.
*He also experimented in sculpture & ceramics
*African Art influence
*Born in Malaga, Spain
*He takes his moms last name
2
Q
A
Picasso
“The Dream”
Cubism
Subject: Marie Therese
- most peaceful image of a woman
- sold for $139mill, after Steve Young left a whole by accident.
- was his lover & had a daughter named Maya
3
Q
A
Picasso
“Portrait of Dora Maar”
Neoclassicist & Surrealist Period
- Surrealism style
- artist lover, photographer, poet & painter
- model/subject of his art in his late years
- she was sterile, & was his “private muse”
- subject of the The Weeping Woman, she was his “woman in tears” in many aspects.
4
Q
A
Picasso
“Portrait of Olga in an Armchair”
Representational/Classical/Academic Style
- Olga was his 1st wife, she was a dancer
- She wanted to be painted in representational style.
5
Q
A
Picasso
“Girl with a Mandolin”
Analytical Cubism (1st face of cubism, 1907-1912)
- colors are taupes, grays, browns
- nearly monochromatic
- basic geometric patterns
- reconciled 3D parts w/ 2D plane
- color subdued
6
Q
A
Picasso
“Three Musicians”
Synthetic Cubism (2nd face of cubism)
- brighter/bold colors, such primary colors
- three figures:
- Pierrot=Apollinaire, poet & critic (with a recorder)
- Harlequin=Picasso (playing a violin)
- the Friar=Max Jacob, poet (holds an accordion)
- three masked musicians in painting represent comic figures from the tradition of popular theater in Italy.
- a nostalgic elegy to a trio of friends.
7
Q
Cubism
A
- most influential artm movement (1907-1914)
- discovered by Picasso & George Braque in 1907. Also both developed collage (papier colle).
- inspired by African sculpture
- by painters Paul Cezanne & George Seurat and by teh Fauves
- subject matter is broken up, analyzed & reassembled in an abstracted form.
- begin after Cezanned in 1904 told artist to treat nature in terms of the Cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.
- 3phases:
- Facet Cubism
- Analitic Cubism
- Synthetic Cubism
8
Q
Analytic & Synthetic Cubism
A
Analytic Cubism
- 1st face of cubism
- color are monochromatic, taupes, grays, browns
- color subdued
- basic geometric parts & reconciled 3Dparts w/2D plane.
- natural forms in terms of the cylinder, sphere & the cone
Synthetic Cubism
- 2nd phase of cubism
- brighter colors such primary colors
- many objects together, incorporate musical instruments embedded in the painting
- collage materials & mixed media
9
Q
A
Picasso
“First Communion”
Academic Period
- reminescent of Courbet’s work
- very classical
10
Q
A
Picasso
“Life”
Blue Period
- Despair over loss of friend Casagemas
- shows Casegemas w/lover & a woman holding a baby away from the couple-loss of hope, a future.
- loss of hope, dreams & a future
- idea of loss of Casagemas family line.
- monochromatic
11
Q
A
Picasso
“A boy with Pipe”
Rose Period
- period associated w/circus, carnival themes
- lighter palette, happier
- painted circus performers
- representational, rose background
- boy in cusp of adulthood
- a child acting like a man
- Picasso was 24, when he made this painting
- sold for $104million.
12
Q
A
Picasso
“Gertrude Stein Portrait”
Rose Period
- Expressionism style
- rose background
13
Q
A
Picasso
“Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon”
Cubism
- 1st Cubist work
- some consider a pre-cubist work
- initially not well received
- Iberian heads influence “savage beauty”
- a turning point to introduce ideas of cubism
- 700 prep drawings (preoccupation w/subject matter)-ladies from a brothel
- African art influence, tribal, cubism
14
Q
A
Picasso
“Seated Bather”
Classical Period
- More classical art, but still experimenting w/cubism
- large sculptural, heavy contour lines
- art more (+) at this time
- experimented w/sculpture & ceramics
- images of motherhood, solid, sculptural quality to women.
Late work:
- he returns to the masters
15
Q
FAUVES artists
A
- Matisse
- Andre Derain
- Constantin Brancusi
all influenced by African art objects
FAUVISM:
- early 20th c. art movement & style of painting in France.
- Fauves, French for “Wild Beasts”
- intense colors in violent, uncontrolled way.
- the leader of Fauves was Henri Matisse
16
Q
A
Matisse
“Blue Nude”
Fauvism
- painterly
- African influence
- “savage”
17
Q
A
Andre Derain
“London Bridge”
Fauvism
- bright, wild colors
- enthusiam for explosive color of Fauvism, but was attracted to more ordered & traditional concept of painting.
- painterly variation of brushstrokes
18
Q
African Art Influenced?
A
- Picasso
- Matisse
- Brancusi
- others
19
Q
A
Brancusi
“Sleeping Muse” 1909
Expressionism
- sculpture
- work often features the egg, the sphere, organic natural forms
- Constantine Brancusi
- expressionism-simplifies the forms
20
Q
A
Brancusi
“Torso of a Young Man”
Expressionism
Bronze Sculpture
- non-representational work
21
Q
A
Brancusi
“The Kiss”
Expressionism
Stone Sculpture
- non-representational
- influence by Rodin’s famous marble sculpture The Kiss
- influence by Cubist sculpture, works of primitivist vein such as carved wooden or sonte figures of Derain
22
Q
German Expressionism
A
Die Brucke
- a group of German Expressionist artists based in Dresden & Berlin bet. 1905-1913
- mostly painters, they depicted landscapes, nudes, and carnival performers in strong colors and broad forms.
- revived the German woodcut tradition, but as a form of personal expression
- Die Brucke is German for “The Bridge”, not intended as a style, but as a bridge toward a better future.
- Interest in German & French philosophy
- Develop the humanistic, expressive aspects of art.
Hitler was against these “degenerates”
- 6 out of 112 artists represented in the exhibit were Jewish.
- German expressionists were subject to intense, negative verbal attacks from the Nazis.
- Hitler supported academic, highly-representational-more academic painting styles.
23
Q
A
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
“Street, Dresden”
German Expressionism
- famous for Berlin street paintings
- co-founder of early expressionist group Die Breche
- flat, distinctive faces
- Work was included in Degenerate Art Exhition, w/purpose to humiliate & end the art in Germany by Hitler.
24
Q
A
Kirchner
“Berlin Street Scene” 1913-1914
German Expressionism
- famous for Berlin street scenes
- sold in 2007 for $38 million
- reminescent of Picasso’s 1901 Absinthe Drinker
- people look distinctive
- some of his paintings destroyed by Nazis
- distrustful & introvert personality, sensitive, & did not easily forgive
25
Max Beckman
"Portrait in Tuxedo" 1927
German Expressionism
* known for intense self-portraits
* looked back at print-making, woodcuts
* sophisticated, elegant, roaring 1920s.
26
Beckman
"The Night"
German Expressionism
* haunting, sadistic, disturbing
* twisted contorted figures
* sharp, angular forms, pressed violently against each other
* linear & aerial persperctive is mission
* sadomasochist
* subject matter very edgy
* many of his horrendous images were influenced by war
27
Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) Group
* Der Blaue Reiter named for founding member Franz Marc's love of horses & Wassily Kandinsky's fondness & use of color blue.
* An artist group that believed in symbolic color, esp. in Blue-a spiritual color.
* interest in color symbolism & semiotics (study of signs & symbols & their use/interpretation).
* Goal was to obtain spiritual truths via their art.
* promoted modern art & the connection of art & music
Artists:
* Franz **Marc** (German Expressionist)
* Wassily **Kandinsky** (Russian Expressionist)
* Alexej von **Jawlensky** (Russian Expressionist)
28
Franz Marc
"Blue Horses" 1911
German Expressionism
Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) member
* believed in symbolic color, semionistics (signs & symbols), esp. blue-spiritual color
* loved animals, liked their innocense
* preferred animals over people, mainly painted animals-horses
* palette primary colors
* pantheistic vision of nature-believed animals possessed a God-likeness
* Fauvism influence, "Arcadian" life.
* gender stereotypes:
* blue-masculine, spiritual
* yellow-femenine, gentle
* red-violence, materiality
29
Wassily Kandinsky
"Improvisation 30" 1913
Der Blaue Rider member, Russian Expressionist
* sometimes referred to as "Cannons", a war like theme
* **"father of abstraction"**
* idea of not having to look at anything
* non-objective art
* connection of art & music
* wrote: *Concerning the Spiritual in Art*
30
Alexej von Jawlensky
"Abstract Heads" 1910
Der Blaue Reiter member, Russian Expressionist
* famous for distinctive abstract portrait heads
* remarkably modern & before his time (in 1910s).
31
Dadaism
* Developed in **Zurich**
* anti-art movement
* associated with babytalk, nonsensical
* first rule- there are no rules.
* developed **"ready made" art**
* reaction to WWI & a kind of protest art
* rejected "isms" or organized art
* interest in **found objects**
* officially not a movement & its artist were not artist & their art was not art
* Dadais a state of mind, is artistic free-thinking, gives itself to nothing.
Artists: **Hans/Arp, Duchamp, Man Ray**
32
Jean Hans/Arp
"Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance"
Dada
* founding Dada member
* he is also associated w/surrealism
* abstract artist/sculptor
* his sculpute resemples smooshed gummy bears, biomorphic feel
33
Marcel Duchamp
"Nude Descending a Staircase"
Dada
* kinetic, active
* cubist influence
* ridiculed @ NY Armony Show in 1913
* Highly influential artist today
34
Marcel Duchamp
"The Bride Sripped Bare by her Bachelors"
Dada
* symbolic painting
* empowering the "artist"
* sexualized machinery
* kinetic art
* fascinated by machinery/mechanical age
* included dust accumulated
* broke during transit & he said it was done
35
Man Ray
"Le Violin d'Ingres" 1920
Dada
* rayograph processing of photograph, a cameraless technique
* model KIKI
* musical Fstops, sound wholes on her back
* woman as an instrument to be played
* sexualized
* Inspired by Ingres' "Bather", neoclassical work
36
Man Ray
"Glass Tears" 1932
Dada
* gelatin silver print
* created after the artist's break-up w/his assistant and lover Lee Miller
* model is a fashion mannequin w/glass bead tears on the cheeks
* explores the real and unreal
* emotive expression, plaintive upward glance intended to invoke wonder at the cause of her distress.
37
Amedeo Modigliani
"Jeanne Hebuterne Portrait"
Expressionism
* model is his live-in girlfriend
* Tragic tale: artist dies of tuberculosis & alcoholism, 8 month girlfriend commits suicide after his death.
* intense stereotype of the "artistic persona": avant-gard/bohemian/temperament artist
* modernist, romantic cliche
* known for his beautiful women faces, elongated necks & blank gaze
38
Amedeo Modigliani
"Head"
Limestone Sculpture
* African influence
* abstractead, geometricized features
* characteristics: long nose, almond eyes & columnar necks
* didn't continue sculpture bec. of his health & expense of teh materials.
39
De Stijl
De Stijl
* **art movement** advocating **pure abstraction & simplicity** form **reduced to rectangular & other geometric shapes,** & color to the **primary colors with black & white.**
* Devaluation of tradition, need for abstraction/simplification.
* Piet **Mondrian** (Dutch, 1872-1944), group **leader,** he **published manifesto titled Neo-Plasticism**
* Theo Van Doesberg (Dutch), started a journal name *De Stijl* (about their theories)
* This work influenced the Bauhaus & the International Style.
Artists: **Mondrian**
40
Piet Mondrain
"Composition"
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
* used primary colors, black & white
* de Stijl, art movement advocating to pure abstraction
* neoplasticism, emphasis on formal structure of a work of art, restriction of space or linear relations to vertical & horizontal movements, as well as restriction of the artists palette.
* interest in infinite line & infinite shape
* abstract painting
41
Piet Mondrian
"Broadway Boogie Woogie"
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
* de Stijl art movement advocated to pure abstraction
* Abstract
* Dutch painter
* influenced by pulse of NY & de Stijl (art movement advocating to pure abstraction)
* neoplasticism, emphasis on formal structure, restriction of space & linear relations to vertical & horizontal movement & restriction of artists palette.
42
Piet Mondrian
"Tableau 2"
De Stijl / Neoplasticism
* abstract
* lines stop short of the picture's edges (implying that it is a self-contained unit)
* artist studio looked like a lab, more of a scientist or priest than an artist studio.
* remembered for his reduced linear forms
43
Surrealism?
Surrealism
* **20th c. avant-garde art movement **
* originated in the nihilistc ideas of the Dadaist & French literaray figures, esp. of its **founder, French writer Andre Breton**.
* Andre Breton wrote three manisfestos about Surrealism
* **influenced by psychoanalysis theories of Sigmund Freud. **
* Surrealist work can have a **realistic, irrational style, describing dreamlike fantasies.**
* **most active in 1920s -1930s/40s**
artists:
* **Magritte, Dali, Tanguy, Openheim, Kahlo**
* inspired partly by symbolism & methaphysical painting of de Chirico.
44
Andre Breton, Manisfesto Surrealism
Andre Breton, Manifesto Surrealism
* based on belief in superior reality of certain forms, in the omnipotence of the dream & in the disinterested play of thought
* dream & reality, seemingly so contradictory, into a kind of absolute reality, a surreality.
* a quest of surreality
* central significance of dreams & the unconscious, as well as the use of free association (allow words/images to suggest other words/images w/out imposing rational connections/structures)
45
Joan Miro
"Carnival of Harlequin" 1925
Surrealism
* biomorphic shapes (resembleling natural living organisms)
* ameba-like & organic forms
* imaginative & childlike, whimsical
* genre scenes-referes to everyday life
* Catalan, Spain painter
46
Salvador Dali
"Accommodations of Desire" 1929
Surrealism
* "paranoiac-critical" method: the creation of a visionary reality from elements of visions, dreams, memories, & psychological or pathological distortions.
* used trompe l'oeil technique, to make his dream-world more tangibly real than observed nature
* referred to his paintings as "hand-painted dream photographs"
* used familiar objects: watches, insects, pianos, telephones, old prints/photographs
* this painting incl collage, using lions' heads, desolate landscape, army of ants
* painted during hi courtship to Gala (while still married to Eluard), depicts his intense sexual anxiety
47
Salvador Dali
"Persistence of Memory" 1931
Surrealism
* miniaturist technique goes back to 15th c. flemish art
* sour greens & yellows recall 19th c. chromolithographs
* infinite space
* recognizable objects in unusual context w/unnatural attributes & unexpected scale
* morphology of hard & soft (melting objects)
48
Salvador Dali
"Soft Construction with Boiled Beans" 1936
Surrealism
* perception of war
* typical Dali "wasteland" in blue/yellow colors
* stretching/rubbery quality
* ambiguous, disturbing
49
Trompe l-oeuil technique
Trompe L-oeuil technique
* style of painting in which objects are depicted w/photographically realistic detail
* fools the eye- something that misleads or deceives the senses: Illusion
50
Rene Magritte
"This is not a pipe" 1948
Surrealism
* Belgium artist
* his mother was fished out of the water with her dress over her head.
* trompe l'oeuil, fools the eye
* hiper realist
* pre-occupied w/cloud images & women w/head cut-off/covered.
* painte in Paris & later moved back to Brussels after quarrel w/Surrealist
51
Rene Magritte
"The Lovers" 1928
Surrealism
* shadowed heads
* poss. related to his mother's death, his art often reflects subjects head covered.
52
Rene Magritte
"Human Condition" 1935 & 1933
Surrealism
* picture w/in a picture
* reality is what??
53
Rene Magritte
"Son of Man" 1964
Surrealism
* Thomas Crown Affair movie featured the painting as part of its story.
54
Rene Magritte
"Great War" 1964
Surrealism
* title of art has nothing to do w/subject
* his work often depict subjects face covered, poss. related to his mother's death.
55
Meret Oppenheim
"Object" or "Luncheon in Fur" 1936
Surrealism
* inspired by discussion w/Picasso that almost anything can be covered in fur, even a teacup.
* transformed gentle items assoc. w/feminine into sensuous sexualized work
* swiss painter & sculptor & model for Manray
* influenced by Bauhaus exhibit
* assoc. w/Surrealist & Dadas
56
Frida Kahlo
"Self-Portrait on the Border between Mexio & the US" 1932
Surrealism
* symbol of "mexicanness"
* icon of feminism
* torn bet her individualized & traditional world
* represents different aspects of her life.
* mexican painter
57
Frida Kahlo
"Self Portrait with Thorn Necklace"
Naive Art (Privitivism)
* Indiginous painting
* self-portraits, was introspective
* pre-occupied w/self-image
* had auto accident, left her in pain/anguish over 30 surgeries.
* role of martyr, documents her grief
* remarried Diego Rivera (artist), love/hate relationship.
58
Frida Kahlo
"Broken Column" 1944
Surrealism / Naive Art (Primitivism)
* documents her pain/anguish
* over 30 surgeries due to auto accident
* autobiography through self-portraits
* extremely injured, a rod replaced/held her spine.
59
Abstract Expressionism
Abstract Expressionism
* painting movement which artist applied paint rapidly, w/force to huge canvases in an effort to show feelings, emotions
* painting gesturally
* non-geometically
* using large brushes or dripping/throwing paint
* abstract art, no effort to represent subject
60
Jackson Pollock
"Mural" 1943
Abstract Expressionism
* uses enamel household/garage paint
* paints on the floor, driping paint as he moves around
* active, gestural painting, individual connection to his work/creation.
* original, innovative, new work
* supported by patrons-Peggy Guggenheim & critic-Clement Greenberg.
"Lavender Mist"
Abstract expressionism
* Action painting
* Drip period
* many untitled artwork
61
Rothko
"Magenta, Black, Green on Orange)
Color Field Painting
* Abstract
* vertically aligned rectangular forms set w/in color field
* large scale, open structure & thin layers of color combined to convey the impression of shallow pictorial space
* color assoc. w/ emotions
* broad bands of color
* art flourished after WWII
62
Rothko Chapel, what is significant about this paintings?
Rothko
"Rothko Chapel" 1967
Minimalism, Installation
* artist commited suicide
* **connect w/depth, spirituality**
* before suicide his palette was gray & black
* did not frame his work, believed it would separate the reality of the painting
63
Willem de Kooning
"Woman I" 1952
Abstract Expressionism
* gestural, active, slashing
* deep cuts in the heavy paint
* mouth looks dangerous
* Dutch painter
"Woman & Bycycle"
* high stileto shoes
* in a dress
* two mouths
also dis collage work
64
Robert Motherwell
"Elegy to the Spanish Republic No.34", 1954
Abstract Expressionist
* life & death in its most abstract form
* reaction to the rally on the Spanish Civil War
* Black is death, White is life (artist statement)
* felt humanity was regressing; represented tragedy & death
65
Helen Frankenthaler
"Mountains and Sea"
Abstract Expressionism
* color staining on raw canvas to create an integration where color & ground cease to exist.
* pouring technique & staining technique (merges some ideas of Pollock & Rothko)
* distinctive stains, free flowing
66
Minimalism?
Minimalism
* 20th c. art movement
* style stress the idea of reducing work of art to a minimum number of colors, values, shapes, lines & textures
* no attempt is made to represent or symbolize any object or experience
* sometimes called ABC art, minimal art, rejective art
* 60-70s to present
67
Donald Judd
"Concrete box"
Minimalism
* all his work is about the BOX
* Judd, box stacked
68
Frank Stella
"Black Paintings" or Black Moods
Minimalism
* typical in black series
* repetion of forms/lines
* some works in color
69
Chrysler Building, NY
Art Deco
Architect William Van Alen
* * special steel facing
* escentric crescent-shaped
* steps of the spire made of stainless steel
* steel gargoyles & eagle heads
* hub caps
* sun-burst style
* art deco-sharp edges, papirus motifs
70
Sagrada Familia
Barcelona, Spain
Architect: Gaudi
Art Nouveau
* whimsical, imaginative
* influenced by midieval ages
* Gothic revival art style
* mix of many styles
71
Frank Lloyd Wright architect
* Prairie houses
* interest in circles & spirals in later work
72
Guggenheim Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright
* circle & spiral design
* worke s/Sullivan
73
Bauhaus
* influential German School of art & design
* the Bauhaus aesthetic was utopianism, ideals of simplified forms, unadorned functionalism
* believe machine economy delivered elegantly designed for the masses, using techniques & material in industrial fabrication & manufacture-steel, concret, chrome, glass, etc.
74
Walter Gropious?
Bauhaus artist
radical artist in Berlin
developed new & innovative artistic ideas
* simplistic housing
75
International Style
International Style
* a major architectural style
* emerged in the 1920s & 1930s
* the formative decades of modern architecture
* no ornamentation, truth to materials, form follow function, houses as machines for living
* follows Bauhaus designs Int
76
Prairie Style Architecture?
Frank Lloyd inspiration for an indigenous architecture
* distinguished by horizontal line emphasize on the exterior
* low pitched hipped roof, long bands of windows
* wide ovehanging eves & brick courses or wood bands
* Inside: open floor plan, furnishure is secondary, natural finishes & simplistic
77
Hannah Wilke
"Curlers Chewing gum" 1974
Feminist
* documents her proces w/her body
* gave a face to breast cancer
* her mother died of cancer
* questions vanity of women
* femenist & iconic image
