Final Study Guide

Question 1

Subjectivism (Moral relativism)

Answer 1

Morality is determined by the individual

Question 2

Conventionalism (Moral relativism)

Answer 2

Morality is determined by the culture

Question 3

Objectivism

Answer 3

Universal principles core, the rest is determined by other factors (Pojman)

Question 4

Pojman’s Point about Tolerance

Answer 4

Ethical relativism and tolerance do not get along, it is a contradiction. Tolerance would be a universal principle

Question 5

Problems with Ethical Relativism (Ethical relativism is subjectivism)

Answer 5

People have rules they should follow

Question 6

Ethical Egoism

Answer 6

It is always morally right to act in our long term self interest

Question 7

Psychological Egoism

Answer 7

“I think people think in an ethical egoist way, not to say that it is right or wrong I just think people behave in their own self interest” ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S ARGUEMENT SUPPORTS THIS (FROM GUILT)

Question 8

Strongest Desires Arguements

Answer 8

Motivation comes from your strongest desire, using this motivation you are pursuing your self interest, therefore you are always acting in self interest

Question 9

Virtue Ethics

Answer 9

“What kind of person am I” or “What kind of person do I want to be?” this has to do with virtues and vices

Question 10

Revised Golden Rule (verbatim)

Answer 10

Do unto others as you would consent to have them do unto you in the same circumstances

Question 11

Literal Rule

Answer 11

Does not have “same situation” and implies want as desire

Question 12

Platinum Rule

Answer 12

Treat others how they would like to be treated

Question 13

Golden Rule and Competition

Answer 13

Consent to the conditions of the game

Question 14

Kantian Ethics (verbatim)

Answer 14

Act only on those maxims that one can will to become universal laws (memorize bold)

Question 15

Contradiction in Conception

Answer 15

Implies a logical issue that would not allow such a law to come to pass, aka if you extrapolate this law it would be impossible to operate in the world (Examples: False Promises)

Question 16

Contradiction in Will

Answer 16

Implies a logical issue that would be bad for a law to come to pass, aka if you extrapolate this law it would be annoying to follow (Examples: I only help my brother)

Question 17

Formula of Humanity as an Ends (verbatim)

Answer 17

Treat humanity, in oneself and others, always as an end and never merely as a means.

Question 18

Wide imperfect duties

Answer 18

Help others, it is vague and not explicitly followed or not followed, aka not binary

Question 19

Narrow perfect duties

Answer 19

Do not lie, usually negative and just like don’t do that

Question 20

Utilitarianism and Consequentialism

Answer 20

Morally correct is what maximizes good for the greatest amount of people

Question 21

Objections to (Utilitarian Consequentialism) Objectivism

Answer 21

Personal rights (slavery) and Over-demanding (recreational activities would be impossible)

Question 22

Consequence factors (Utilitarianism)

Answer 22

Scope, Intensity, Duration, Probability

Question 23

Prima Facie Duties

Answer 23

Non-injury, Beneficence, Gratitude, Fidelity, Veracity, Reparations, Justice, Self-Improvement

Question 24

Characteristics of Facie Duties

Answer 24

Always morally relevant, self-evident, non-absolute

Question 25

Actual vs. Prima Facie Duties

Answer 25

Actual duties are not self-evident, harder to determine

Question 26

Common Morality Rules

Answer 26

Don't kill, cause pain, deprive of freedom or pleasure, disable, cheat, deceive, do your duty, obey the law, keep your promises

Question 27

Gert's point about moral ideals and impartiality

Answer 27

Moral rules cannot be impartial, but moral ideals can afford to be impartial

Question 28

Gert's 2-step process

Answer 28

Identify which rules are involved, and estimate the consequences if this rule break was universalized aka everyone knows

Question 29

Unavoidable differences in consequence evaluation (remember at least two)

Answer 29

Who counts as moral agents? (fetuses) Differences in rankings of harms and benefits

Question 30

Deontological Asymmetry

Answer 30

Worse to do harm than allow it to happen

Question 31

Chinese Room Arguement (searle)

Answer 31

Dude who is not chinese in a room gives responses that make it seem like he does, strong AI is not a person but a complex math problem

Question 32

Sentience vs Sapience

Answer 32

Sentience is pain or pleasure, sapience is higher executive function like self-awareness and high-level reasoning

Question 33

Most moral theories are

Answer 33

objectivism

Question 34

Intend Forsee Distinction

Answer 34

The gap between inavoidable consequences and what you intend, forseeing is knowing those consequences but intention is more important

Question 35

Trolley Problem

Answer 35

Many people would pull the switch to kill one person would still not push one person onto the tracks to derail the train even though in essence it is accomplishing the same thing

Question 36

The technological singularity

Answer 36

The point where technology growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, with potentially catastophic consequences for humans

Question 37

Intuitionism

Answer 37

Prima Facie Duties

Question 38

Bonds that make us free

Answer 38

Self-betrayal, self-deception, collusion

Question 39

3 ideas of self deception

Answer 39

I am being morally conscientious You are the problem I am a passive victim

Question 40

A conflict of interest requires two conditions

Answer 40

An obligation based on skills/expertise A personal interest that conflicts with that obligation

Question 41

Good reasons for advantage

Answer 41

Hard work Luck Creative strategy Substantial Investment

Question 42

Bad reasons for advantage

Answer 42

Deceit Coercion Promise-breaking Illegal activities

Question 43

3 key ideas of privacy

Answer 43

Freedom from surveillance Freedom from intrusion Control of personal information

Question 44

Criteria for patenting

Answer 44

Novel Non-obvious Transformative