Exam 1

Question 1

Subjectivism (Moral relativism)

Answer 1

Morality is determined by the individual

Question 2

Conventionalism (Moral relativism)

Answer 2

Morality is determined by the culture

Question 3

Objectivism

Answer 3

Universal principles core, the rest is determined by other factors

Question 4

Pojman’s Point about Tolerance

Answer 4

Ethical realtivism and tolerance do not get along, it is a contradiction. Tolerance would be a universal principle

Question 5

Problems with Ethical Relativism (Ethical relativism is subjectivism)

Answer 5

People have rules they should follow

Question 6

Ethical Egoism

Answer 6

It is always morally right to act in our long term self interest

Question 7

Psychological Egoism

Answer 7

“I think people think in an ethical egoist way, not to say that it is right or wrong I just think people behave in their own self interest” ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S ARGUEMENT SUPPORTS THIS (FROM GUILT)

Question 8

Strongest Desires Arguements

Answer 8

Motivation comes from your strongest desire, using this motivation you are pursuing your self interest, therefore you are always acting in self interest

Question 9

Shafer-Langau Response

Answer 9

There is nothing that proves your strongest desire is always in your self interest (it begs the question, it assumes what it is trying to prove)

Question 10

Nagel’s Objective Concern Arguement

Answer 10

I can recognize the concern I feel for myself, so I can see that others have concerns, therefore I respect that

Question 11

Virtue Ethics

Answer 11

“What kind of person am I” or “What kind of person do I want to be?” this has to do with virtues and vices

Question 12

Revised Golden Rule (verbatim)

Answer 12

Do unto others as you would consent to have them do unto you in the same circumstances

Question 13

Literal Rule

Answer 13

Does not have “same situation” and implies want as desire

Question 14

Platinum Rule

Answer 14

Treat others how they would like to be treated

Question 15

Golden Rule and Competition

Answer 15

Consent to the conditions of the game

Question 16

Kantian Ethics (verbatim)

Answer 16

Act only on those maxims that one can will to become universal laws (memorize bold)

Question 17

Contradiction in Conception

Answer 17

Implies a logical issue that would not allow such a law to come to pass, aka if you extrapolate this law it would be impossible to operate in the world (Examples: False Promises)

Question 18

Contradiction in Will

Answer 18

Implies a logical issue that would be bad for a law to come to pass, aka if you extrapolate this law it would be annoying to follow (Examples: I only help my brother)

Question 19

Formula of Humanity as an Ends (verbatim)

Answer 19

Treat humanity, in oneself and others, always as an end and never merely as a means.

Question 20

Wide imperfect duties

Answer 20

Help others, it is vague and not explicitly followed or not followed, aka not binary

Question 21

Narrow perfect duties

Answer 21

Do not lie, usually negative and just like don’t do that

Question 22

Utilitarianism and Consequentialism

Answer 22

Morally correct is what maximizes good for the greatest amount of people

Question 23

Objections to (Utilitarian Consequentialism) Objectivism

Answer 23

Personal rights (slavery) and Over-demanding (recreational activities would be impossible)

Question 24

Consequence factors (Utilitarianism)

Answer 24

Scope, Intensity, Duration, Probability

Question 25

Prima Facie Duties

Answer 25

Non-injury, Beneficence, Gratitude, Fidelity, Veracity, Reparations, Justice, Self-Improvement

Question 26

Characteristics of Facie Duties

Answer 26

Always morally relevant, self-evident, non-absolute

Question 27

Actual vs. Prima Facie Duties

Answer 27

Actual duties are not self-evident, harder to determine

Question 28

Common Morality Rules

Answer 28

Don't kill, cause pain, deprive of freedom or pleasure, disable, cheat, deceive, do your duty, obey the law, keep your promises

Question 29

Gert's point about moral ideals and impartiality

Answer 29

Moral rules cannot be impartial, but moral ideals can afford to be impartial

Question 30

Gert's 2-step process

Answer 30

Identify which rules are involved, and estimate the consequences if this rule break was universalized aka everyone knows

Question 31

Unavoidable differences in consequence evaluation (remember at least two)

Answer 31

Who counts as moral agents? (fetuses) Differences in rankings of harms and benefits

Question 32

Deontological Asymmetry

Answer 32

Worse to do harm than allow it to happen

Question 33

Chinese Room Arguement (searle)

Answer 33

Dude who is not chinese in a room gives responses that make it seem like he does, strong AI is not a person but a complex math problem

Question 34

Sentience vs Sapience

Answer 34

Sentience is pain or pleasure, sapience is higher executive function like self-awareness and high-level reasoning

Question 35

Most moral theories are

Answer 35

objectivism

Question 36

Intend Forsee Distinction

Answer 36

The gap between inavoidable consequences and what you intend, forseeing is knowing those consequences but intention is more important

Question 37

Trolley Problem

Answer 37

Many people would pull the switch to kill one person would still not push one person onto the tracks to derail the train even though in essence it is accomplishing the same thing

Question 38

The technological singularity

Answer 38

The point where technology growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, with potentially catastophic consequences for humans