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Geology 201 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a Mineral

A

a naturallly occuring inorganic solid having a specific elemental composition and specific arrangement of atoms

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2
Q

what is Serpentine rock composed of

A

Lizardite, antigonite, chrysolite

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3
Q

where does chrysolite form

A

in conditions analougous to where geodes form, fluids move through voids in rocks and minerals precipitate from those fluids

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4
Q

examples of three types of cleavage

A

mica-perfect 1 direction
halite-perfect 3 directions
Quart-no cleavage

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5
Q

why is graphite soft

A

because it consists of covalently bonded layers of hexagons linked by weak bonds

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6
Q

what is an intrusive igneous rock

A

a rock that forms from cooled magma

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7
Q

what is magma

A

liquid earth that is below the surface

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8
Q

what is extrusive igneous rock

A

rock that forms from cooled lava

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9
Q

what is lava

A

molten earth that is above the earths surface

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10
Q

what is a batholith

A

a mass of intrusive igneous rock that is a few km in size. it is a magma chamber

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11
Q

what is a sill

A

a tabular pluton that is parallel to layers in layered rocks

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12
Q

what is a dike

A

a tabular pluton that in a cross section is relatively thin and cuts across layers in layered rocks. typically less than 1.5m thick and 10s to 100s of meters long

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13
Q

what is bowens reaction series

A

predicts the order that minerals form when solidifying from magma. indicates mafic forms first then silicic. also predicts order minerals melt

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14
Q

how are igneous rocks named

A

on the basis of mineral composition

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15
Q

info about silic/felsic rocks

A

contain abundent feldspar and silica. most continental crust is silic or intermediate

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16
Q

composition of intermediate rocks

A

mostly plagioclase, pyroxene, and amphihole, like to o quartz

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17
Q

what are mafic rocks

A

magnesium and iron rich rocks. mostly plagioclase and pyroxene. oceanic crust is mafic

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18
Q

what are ultra mafic rocks

A

mostly olivine and pyroxene. can have minor plagroclase. The mantle is untra mafic.
peridotite is intrusive
komatite is extrusive

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19
Q

what is partial melting

A

when mass of rock subjected to melting conditions . minerals with lowest melting point melt first. only parts of the mass melt.

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20
Q

where does magma form

A

partial meltinig at subduction zones=litosphere into mantle causes melting
dewatering of the downward slab=water is released from subducted plate which lowered the melting point
decomposition melting in continental thnning areas= as lithosphere is thinned aspthenosphere rises and decompresses, this lowers the melting point
seafloor spreading centers=causes rocks to rise which induces partial melting

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21
Q

defenition of soil

A

where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere interact

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22
Q

what is pedogenesis

A

the process of soil formation

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23
Q

what is translocation

A

the definitive pedogenic process. downward movement of solid soil particles or ions in solution

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24
Q

how are ditrital sedimentary rocks classified

A

are assigned on the basis of clast size and in rocks consisting predominantly of clasts having median diameters larger than 2 mm, also on the basis of clast shape

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25
Q

how does deposition of detrital rocks happen

A

occurs when there is insufficient power for a system of river or wind to transplant sediments of a given size

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26
Q

what is slate

A

a metamorphic rock which has crystals that are too small to see without magnification

27
Q

what is schist

A

a metamorphic rock that which has crystals that are visible to the naked eye

28
Q

what are index minerals

A

indicate relatively precise ranges of temperatures and pressures causing metamorphism, index minerals are used to define metamorphic facies

29
Q

what do different metamorphic facies represent

A

they reflect different tectonic settings a d certain tectonic settings

30
Q

what are reverse faults

A

hanging wall moves up relative to footwall. form as a result of compression. shorten and thicken the earths crust. dip-slip faults

31
Q

what are strike slip faults

A

form as a consequece of a horizontal shear stress in earths crust

32
Q

what are normal faults

A

hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. forms as a result of tension. extends and thins the earths crust. dip-slip faults

33
Q

what are transform faults

A

where two plates move past each other

34
Q

what are releasing bends

A

form at right bends or steps anlong right lateral strike slip faults, because fault geometry causes localized tension and extension

35
Q

what are restraining bends

A

form at left bends or steps allong right lateral faults, because fault geometry causes localized tension and extension

36
Q

what is a brittle strain

A

change in shape or position accomodated along fractures

37
Q

what is elastic strain

A

said of a body in which strains are instantly and totally recovered

38
Q

what is evidence for subduction

A

wadati benioff zones
mineral glaucophane
blueschist facies metamorphic rock

39
Q

when do earthquakes occur

A

when elastic strain overcomes friction of a fault or elastic strain overcomes the mechanical strength of rocks. rocks move past eachother allong a fracture, elastic straiin is recovered and rocks regain pre elastic shape, as the rocks snap back earthquake waves are generated

40
Q

what is liquefaction

A

occurs in cohesonless soil or sediment. liquefaction is a transformation of material that is behaving like a solid to a material that is behaving like a fluid temporarily

41
Q

why is it safer to build on fully lithified rock

A

when surface waves pass through unconsolidated sediment resonance occurs because they oscillate at similar periods as the waves. when the waves pass through fully lithified rock, dampening occurs because they oscilate at different periods

42
Q

what is the 1st family of earthquake waves

A

body waves and they travel underground in all directions. include p and S waves

43
Q

what are p waves

A

body waves, are the fastest and travel like a slinky

44
Q

what are S waves

A

body waves, cant pass through liquids, move like a cracked whip

45
Q

what is the 2nd family of earthquake waves

A

how body waves manifest on the earths surface, include love/long waves and rayleigh waves

46
Q

what are Love/Long waves

A

shearing motion, perpendicular to the direction of travel and travel more rapidly than rayeigh waves

47
Q

what are Rayleigh waves

A

give the rocking sensation, similar to water waves, both vetical and horizontal movement

48
Q

why are tsunamis so destructive

A

travel and speeds up to 518mph
long period so water doesent recede quickly
long waves so large volume of water causes energetic collisons
reach the coast in sets of unpredictable number of waves

49
Q

what causes tsunamis

A

form when the sea floor is ruptured durring and earthquake

50
Q

definition of a stream

A

a channelized body of water, links in the hydrological cycle that are the fundamental landscape sculpting agents. exist because of topographic relief of earths surface

51
Q

what is a graded stream

A

a stream that is adjusted to its base level, over 1000 year time scale is neither lowers or raises its bed. requires stable base level over 1000 year timescale. shows that streams are laxy and will do as little work as possible

52
Q

what is a disolved load

A

products of checmial weathering lthat are in solution or incolloidal suspension

53
Q

what is a suspeded load

A

realatively fine grained particles that are carried in suspension

54
Q

what is a bed load

A

sediment that is transported allong the bottom of the channel by rolling or bouncing

55
Q

what is the equation for stream power

A

=PGQS

56
Q

what is the effect of base level fall

A

if base level fall occurs relatively slowly the channel will increase its sinuosity insteady of incising

57
Q

what is the defenition of mass movement

A

collective term forall gravitational or downsloping movements of weathered rock debris

58
Q

what are the 2 categories of mass movement

A

slow continous movement

rapid episodic moevement

59
Q

what is the characteristics of a slow continous mass movement

A

slopes are typically convex up and smooth, creep and diffusion, non accelerating

60
Q

what is the characteristics of a rapid episodic mass movement

A

not diffusive hillslope erosion. usually more damaging that diffusion. Humocky topography. flows and slides

61
Q

why are debris flows so destructive

A

move rapidly 10-25 m/sec. density of debris flow is greater than water due to equation and can transport large rocks. vally bottoms or human structures are buried as the flow stops

62
Q

what are earth flows

A

are unusually slow and are large in areul extent. dont follow pre existing drainage. deep seated in that they affect a significant thickness of a hillslope

63
Q

what is slump

A

are rotational slides, having curved failure surfaces. typically occur in thik homogenous cohesive sediments, example is mud rich part of franciscan complex

64
Q

what are slides

A

type of mass wasting consisting of rocks or masses of weathered rock moving downhill allong discrete shear surfaces

Geology 201 (3 decks)

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