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Anthropology > Final (SLC) > Flashcards

Final (SLC) Flashcards

1
Q

6 attributes of culture

A 
Symbolic
Shared (yet contested)
Learned
Integrated
Naturalized
Dynamic
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2
Q

Culture is a _____

A

System of meanings

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3
Q

Enculturation vs. acculturation

A

Enculturation: the process by which a person internalizes the behavioral patterns of their own culture
Acculturation: the process by which a person learns the appropriate behavior of their host culture

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4
Q

Emic vs. etic perspectives

A

Emic perspectives: insider’s perspective of a culture

Etic perspectives: outsider’s perspective of a culture

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5
Q

Thick description

A

Intensive, small-scale, dense descriptions of social life from observation, through which broader cultural interpretations and generalizations can be made

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6
Q

Deep play

A

Specific behavior that represents many broader aspects of a culture (e.g. Balinese cock fighting)

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7
Q

Clifford Geertz

A

Coined the terms ‘thick description’ and ‘deep play’ in his book Interpretation of Cultures (1973)

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8
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)

A

One of the first anthropologists to abandon the armchair approach–revolutionized anthropology by stressing the primacy of fieldwork
Studied the Trobriand Islanders in New Guinea
Defined the goal of ethnography as being: “[to] grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world.”

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9
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the experiences and understanding of a culture are constrained because they can only be expressed in ways that its language allows
Language is not a passive symbolic system representing the word–it actively influences our perception of reality

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10
Q

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

A

Swiss linguist and one of the founders of semiotics

Understood language as a formal system of signs, which are composed of a signified and a signifier

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11
Q

Semiotics

A

The study of signs and symbols and how they generate meanings
Arbitrariness of sign is significant for semiotic analysis

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12
Q

Arbitrariness of sign

A

The lack of causal relationship between the inherent properties of the object and the nature of the sign used to denote it

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13
Q

Kinship

A

The system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities
We learn basic patterns of human behavior and ways to think about things like gender roles, division of labor, etc. through it

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14
Q

Consanguinity vs. affinity

A

Consanguinity: kinship relationships based on birth (related by ‘blood’)
Affinity: kinship relationships based on marriage

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15
Q

Lineage vs. clan

A

Lineage: type of descent group tracing genealogical connection (matrilineal or patrilineal) through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor
Clan: type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation

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16
Q

Bridewealth vs. dowry

A

Bridewealth: the valuables that a groom or his family are expected/obligated to present to the bride’s family
Dowry: the valuables that a bride’s family are expected/obligated to present to the groom’s family

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17
Q

Exogamy vs. Endogamy

A

Exogamy: a marriage rule which requires one to marry outside one’s own group (e.g. The village and clan exogamous Trobriand Islanders and Bhils)
Endogamy: a marriage rule which requires one to marry inside one’s own group (e.g. The ethnic group endogamous Bhils)

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18
Q

Polygyny vs. polyandry

A

Polygyny: form of polygamy which permits a man to have more than one wife
Polyandry: form of polygamy which permits a woman to have more than one husband

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19
Q

7 elements of religion

A
  1. Belief in powers or deities whose abilities transcend those of the natural world
  2. Myths and stories that reflect on the meaning and purpose of life, its origins, and humans’ place in the universe
  3. Ritual activities that reinforce, recall, instill, and explore collective beliefs
  4. Powerful symbols that represent key aspects of the religion for its followers
  5. Specialists who assist the average believer to bridge everyday life experiences and the religion’s ideals and supernatural aspects
  6. Organizations and institutions that preserve, explore, teach, and implement the religion’s key beliefs
  7. A community of believers
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20
Q

Foraging subsistence type

A 
Balanced hunting and gathering
No private property
Tend to live in small, mobile groups (bands)
No difference in wealth
Egalitarian societies
No formalized political organization
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21
Q

Pastoralist subsistence type

A

Herding
Living in symbiosis with livestock
Frequently nomadic–entire group moves with herds
Differences in wealth
Low population density
Extended families which transfer property of livestock across generations

22
Q

Horticulturalist subsistence type

A

Slash-and-burn farming
No private property of land (but private property of other things)
High yield relative to labor expended
“Shifting cultivation”–Fields move but population may be sedentary

23
Q

Socio-political correlates of pastoralist and horticulturalist subsistence types

A 
Descent group structure
Some social stratification
Gender inequality
Intergroup warfare
More formalized political organizations
Village heads, big men, and chiefs
24
Q

Agriculturalist subsistence type

A

Sedentary, intensive farming
Densely populated settlements
Specialization and division of labor
Trading economies
Centralized administrations and political structures
Hierarchical ideologies
Depersonalized systems of knowledge (e.g. Writing) and property ownership
Personal land and private property led to hierarchical societies, class struggle, and armies

25
Q

Political structures of the subsistence types

A

Bands: Foraging
Tribes: Horticulturalist and pastoralist
Chiefdoms: Pastoralist and agriculturalist
States: Agriculturalist and industrial

26
Q

Village heads vs. big men

A

Village heads: Achieved status with power but no authority

Big men: The same as Village Heads but with authority over more than one village

27
Q

Band political organization

A

Rarely more than 30-40 people
Kin-based; flexible extended family units
No formal political organization; the political order is not a distinct institution, it is embedded in the overall social order
No socioeconomic stratification
Social order enforced via ridicule and ostracism
Group decisions made via informal leaders, consensus
Conflicts dealt with via negotiation, mobility

28
Q

Tribe political organization

A

Several hundred to thousands of people
Multiple autonomous small communities that share a common identity
No formal political organization
Little socioeconomic stratification
Social order enforced via ridicule and ostracism
Group decisions made via consensus among descent groups
Conflicts dealt with via negotiation and semi-official mediation
Has Village Heads and Big Men with limited authority

29
Q

Chiefdom political organization

A

Thousands to many thousands of people
Multiple communities that share a common identity and tribute system
Centralized political organization based on hierarchical lineage system
Political unit of permanently allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader with authority
Significant socioeconomic stratification based on lineage
Social order enforced via ridicule and ostracism, official order, and use of force
Group decisions made via chiefs and advisors
Conflicts dealt with via negotiation, mediations, and centralized arbitration
Has Chiefs instead of Village Heads/Big Men
Permanent political offices/positions
Chiefs control and redirect resources (chiefly redistribution) and regulate territory
Social relations often (though not always) organized by kinship

30
Q

State political organization

A

Multiple cities that share tax and administrative infrastructure system
Tens of thousands to billions of people
Centralized political organization possessing coercive power
Social stratification is a key distinguishing feature of states
Group decisions made via rulers ‘on behalf of’ the populous
Social order enforced via official enforcement, threat or use of sanctions
Conflicts dealt with via negotiation/mediation (courts), centralized arbitration
Status is class-based rather than kin-based
Laws are codified (written, formalized)
Monopoly on the use of force (military, police, etc.)

31
Q

Social, economic and political consequences of the transition from foraging to state societies

A 
Accumulation of wealth increases
Production not for need, but for profit
Increasing control and exploitation of nature
Increasing division of labor
Rise of formal political authority
Increasing social stratification
Increasing gender inequality
32
Q

Reciprocity vs. market exchange

A

Reciprocity: involves the transfer of goods and services between social equals based on role obligations
Market exchange: Involves the transfer of goods and services between anyone based on price, supply, and demand–not role obligations

33
Q

Generalized vs. balanced vs. negative reciprocity

A

Generalized reciprocity: Reciprocity between close kin and friends with no expectation of return in order to create/strengthen emotional bonds
Balanced reciprocity: Reciprocity that involves the calculation of value and repayment of the goods or services within a specified timeframe and with an expectation of return
Negative reciprocity: When one party attempts to get more out of the exchange than the other party (e.g. Selling things at an inflated price)

34
Q

Potlatch

A

A complex system of competitive feasting, speechmaking, and gift-giving intended in part to enhance the status of the giver
A form of ceremonial exchange of gifts employed by Indigenous groups in the Pacific Northwest (e.g. Kwakwaka’wakw)
Material goods are exchanged for social recognition and power
Celebrations are a significant representation of the host’s status/rank/title

35
Q

Caste vs. apartheid

A

Caste: system of stratification wherein individuals are assigned at birth to their parents’ ranked social and occupational groups and where a person’s place in the social order is relatively fixed
Apartheid: system of stratification based on rigid separation of racial and ethnic groups

36
Q

Bio-reductionism

A

The idea that gender norms, sexual orientations, and social relationships are genetically, neurologically, or hormonally ‘hardwired’; that biology determines behaviour and social organization

37
Q

Hetero-normativity

A

A type of bio-reductionism which perceives heterosexual relationships as a natural and inevitable outcome of our biology, and gay/lesbian/transgendered identities as deviations from natural behaviour

38
Q

4 key dynamics of globalization

A

Flexible Accumulation: Refers to the increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization (ex. Offshoring and outsourcing)
Time-space compression
Increasing Migration
Uneven Development and Inequality

39
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

A

American lawyer, ethnologist, (armchair) anthropologist
In Ancient Society (1877), he postulated a unilineal theory of human development in which human societies evolved through three stages: savagery (fire). barbarism (agriculture), and civilization (writing)

40
Q

Victor Turner

A

British cultural anthropologist best known for his work on symbols, rituals, and rites of passage

41
Q

Victor Turner’s three phases of Rites of Passage

A

Separation from existing identity
Transition period of in between-ness
Reintegration to society with new status

42
Q

What does a sociocultural anthropologist hope to reveal about a culture by looking beyond the everyday experience and doing cross-cultural analysis?

A

The meanings people give to everyday experiences

43
Q

According to Nancy Scheper-Hughes, which alternative perspective goes beyond simply approaching out subjects from a relativist perspective?

A

Critical cultural relativism

44
Q

Why is long-term fieldwork valuable to the work of anthropologists?

A

It allows the anthropologist to obtain a greater understanding of aspects of culture from an insider’s perspective

45
Q

Laura Bohannan’s article “Shakespeare in the Bush” asserts that:

A

Tiv people’s interpretation of Hamlet exemplifies that different cultures ascribe different meanings to the same thing

46
Q

In which society do we find that people group together in a specific place to live, and that the group is often based around brother-and-sister pairs?

A

Ju/’hoansi

47
Q

What is one of the key distinguishing features of a state?

A

Social stratification

48
Q

The idea of Progress postulates that ____ is the engine of historical change

A

Technological change

49
Q

A means of production in which a manufacturer or merchant supplies the materials and sometimes the tools to workers, who produce the goods in their own homes

A

Putting-out system

50
Q

What was NOT a result of the British-led opium trade from India to China?

A

Textile exports from England to China decreased

51
Q

The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next is called: _____

A

Social reproduction

Anthropology (3 decks)

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