Final: Semantics

Question 1

Synonyms

Answer 1

Words or expressions that have the same/similar meaning in some or all contexts. Perfect synonymy is rare.

Question 2

Antonyms

Answer 2

Words or phrases that are opposites with respect to some component of their meaning

Question 3

Hypernym

Answer 3

Word for the general class. i.e. Fruits

Question 4

Hyponym

Answer 4

Word for a member of the given general class. i.e. Mango is a member of Fruits

Question 5

Holonym

Answer 5

The whole to which parts belong. i.e. Flower.

Question 6

Meronym

Answer 6

A part of the whole. i.e. Petals is a part of a Flower.

Question 7

Polysemy

Answer 7

The situation in which a word has two or more related meanings. i.e. Bright means shining, and intelligence.

Question 8

Homophony

Answer 8

The situation in which a single acoustic has two or more entirely distinct meanings. i.e. Fall is for Autumn but, also move downwards.

Question 9

Homphones

Answer 9

Separate words with the same pronunciation; may have different spellings.

Question 10

Lexical Ambiguity

Answer 10

Created by polysemy and homophony is usually needs context to make meaning clear.

Question 11

Paraphrases

Answer 11

Two sentences that have the same basic, general meaning. May change the focus of sentence by moving focus to the start.

Question 12

Truth Condition

Answer 12

If one paraphrase is true, the other must also be true.

Question 13

Entailment

Answer 13

If A is true then B must be true, if B is true, it does not necessarily mean A is true. B can be true without A being true.

Question 14

Contradiction

Answer 14

The truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another. If A is true, then B must be false and vice versa.

Question 15

Connotation

Answer 15

A set of associations that a word or phrase evokes.

Question 16

Denotation

Answer 16

The real word referent of a word or phrase.

Question 17

Extension

Answer 17

The set of entities referred to in the real world.

Question 18

Intention

Answer 18

Concept evoked, inherent sense. Definition.

Question 19

Fuzzy Concepts

Answer 19

Concepts that do not have clear-cut boundaries to distinguish them from other concepts. Prototype for concept cannot be easily determined.

Question 20

Graded Membership

Answer 20

Members of a concept may be graded in terms of their typicality. Prototypical levels/types are in the middle, examples become less typical as they expand out.

Question 21

Lexicalization

Answer 21

Process where concepts are encoded in the words of a language. Different languages organize words into different groupings.

Question 22

Grammaticalization

Answer 22

The change of a lexical form into a grammatical form, as an affix or functional morpheme. Language vary as to which concepts are grammaticalized. Gendering of words (French) is grammaticalization.

Question 23

Thematic Roles

Answer 23

1) Agent , the entity that performs an action
2) Theme , the entity undergoing an action or a movement,
3) Source , the starting point of a movement
4) Goal , the end point of a movement
5) Location , the place where an action occurs.

Question 24

Presupposition

Answer 24

Assumption or belief implied by the use of a particular word or structure. Information that is taken for granted to be true regardless of whether the whole sentence is true or not.

Question 25

Setting

Answer 25

The context in which a sentence is uttered, including its physical environment, may be relevant to sentence interpretation. i.e. “CAR!”

Question 26

Diectics

Answer 26

Forms who use and interpretation depend on the location of the speakers and/or addressees with a particular setting. i.e. Here/There, This/That, Come/Go

Question 27

Discourse

Answer 27

Connected series of utterances produced in a speech act. Most languages place old information before new information when constructing utterances.

Question 28

Conversation Maxims

Answer 28

1) Maxim of quality, do not say things that are false, or for which you lack adequate evidence.
2) Maxim of quantity, do not make you contribution more or less informative than required.
3) Maxim of relevance, contributions should be relevant.
4) Maxim of manner, contributions should avoid ambiguity and obscurity, as well as be orderly and brief.