Final Revision Flashcards
What is the main difference between formative and summative assessments?
Formative assessments provide ongoing feedback to guide learning; summative assessments evaluate what students have learned at the end of instruction.
What is the difference between formal and informal assessments?
Informal assessments involve subjective judgment (e.g., observations), while formal assessments are standardized and objective.
What distinguishes standardized tests from classroom tests?
standardized tests have uniform procedures and scoring (usually summative); classroom tests can vary and may be formative or summative.
What are the criteria for high-quality assessments?
Validity, reliability, fairness, and practicality.
What are scoring procedures for performance assessments?
Checklists, rating scales, holistic rubrics, analytic rubrics.
What are the types of performance assessments?
Portfolios (best work, growth), structured/on-demand tasks, naturally occurring tasks, long-term projects, and simulations.
What is the halo effect?
When a teacher’s overall impression influences their evaluation of a student’s work.
Describe norm-referenced vs. criterion-referenced grading.
Norm-referenced: compares students to each other (e.g., grading curve).
Criterion-referenced: based on set standards (e.g., total points or percentage).
What is self-referenced grading?
Comparing a student’s current performance to their past performance.
What is interrater and intrarater reliability?
Interrater: consistency across different scorers.
Intrarater: consistency within the same scorer over time.
What are qualities of an effective classroom manager?
Plans proactively, structures space well, manages time, builds relationships, and sets clear rules and procedures.
What should be considered when setting up a classroom?
Visibility, ease of movement, student access to materials, effective seating for instruction or collaboration.
What’s the difference between rules and procedures?
Rules are behavioral expectations; procedures are routines for tasks.
What are the 3 types of routines?
Class-running, lesson-running, and interaction routines.
What is academic learning time?
The portion of instructional time in which students are actually engaged in learning (approx. 50%).
Why is the first week of school important?
Clear rules and procedures reduce off-task time by 50%, increasing student engagement and achievement.
What enhances student engagement?
Supportive teachers, interesting/challenging lessons, flipped classrooms, variety in tasks.
How can teachers increase academic learning time?
Maintain flow, manage interruptions, give clear instructions, minimize transitions, and monitor behavior.
What are the components of student engagement?
Behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement.
How can teachers encourage parental involvement?
Invite participation, communicate clearly, and be mindful of cultural differences.
Why are teacher-student relationships important?
They affect student behavior, motivation, and learning outcomes.
What are key aspects of bullying?
It is intentional, repeated, and involves power imbalance.
What are the effects of bullying?
Lower achievement, self-esteem, increased anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts.
How can teachers handle minor misbehaviors?
Praise appropriate behavior, use nonverbal cues, speak calmly, and apply direct consequences.
What is content validity?
Whether the test fully reflects the subject matter being taught.
What is validity in assessment?
The extent to which a test measures what it’s intended to measure.
What is reliability?
The consistency of assessment results
What is fairness in testing?
All students have an equal opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge.
What is a table of specifications?
A chart that aligns learning objectives with test content and format.
What are key parts of a multiple-choice item?
Stem (question), correct answer, distractors (plausible wrong answers).
What are selected-response vs. constructed-response items?
Selected-response (e.g., MCQs): choose an answer. Constructed-response: generate an answer (short answer, essay).
What are guidelines for matching exercises?
Keep lists short, use common themes, align layout, use more responses than premises.
What is item discrimination?
A measure of how well an item distinguishes between high and low performers.
What’s the difference between short-answer and completion items?
Short-answer uses direct questions; completion uses fill-in-the-blank statements.
What is item difficulty?
The proportion of students who answer an item correctly (0–1.0 scale).
What are restricted vs. extended-response essays?
Restricted: limited in scope and format. Extended: open-ended and broad.
What is distractor analysis?
Evaluates the effectiveness of incorrect options in multiple-choice items.
What is the optimal difficulty index for multiple-choice questions with 4 alternatives?
0.625.
What are narrative reports in report cards?
Narrative reports are written descriptions of a student’s performance but can be time-consuming and subjective.
Why are standards-based grades considered more effective?
They help parents better understand what students are expected to know and do based on learning standards.
What is the “grading on the curve” method?
A grading method where student grades are distributed along a normal curve, meaning most students receive average grades.
How does the standard deviation method work in grading?
Grades are assigned based on how far scores deviate from the class average, using standard deviations.
Where should a teacher’s desk be placed in the classroom?
On the opposite end of the classroom from the whiteboard for proximity to all students.
How should classroom walls and bulletin boards be designed?
They should not be overstimulating; a visually calm environment helps reduce distractions.
What is the “praise-and-ignore” strategy?
A behavior management technique where appropriate behavior is praised and minor misbehaviors are ignored.
What is “withitness” in classroom management?
A teacher’s ability to be aware of everything happening in the classroom at all times.
How does time-on-task relate to academic achievement?
Higher time-on-task is associated with better academic performance.
What is the carryover effect in test scoring?
When a teacher’s judgment on earlier answers influences how they score later responses, especially in essays.
Why is it useful to ask students for feedback on tests?
It helps identify confusing or unfair questions and improve future assessments.
What is the adjusted optimal item difficulty for a true-false test?
0.75
What is the adjusted optimal item difficulty for essay questions?
0.50
What is the adjusted optimal item difficulty for a 5-option multiple choice question?
0.60
What is the adjusted optimal item difficulty for a 3-option multiple choice question?
0.67
Your students are constantly fidgeting during group work. What classroom setup principle might you have ignored?
Room arrangement that allows easy transitions and access to materials.
You walk into a new classroom on the first day. What’s the first thing you should do to reduce misbehavior?
Clearly establish and teach rules and procedures from the very beginning.
A student frequently doodles during lessons. How would you increase their engagement without calling them out?
Use interesting, varied tasks, ask interactive questions, and consider their emotional and cognitive engagement needs.
You’re teaching a class that includes frequent transitions. How can you maintain learning momentum?
Minimize downtime with efficient routines, clear instructions, and withitness to monitor student behavior.
You’re designing a multiple-choice test. How can you spot a bad distractor?
If almost no students choose it, it likely doesn’t seem plausible and should be revised.
A colleague gives a test where every student scores between 80–100%. What’s a potential issue?
Item difficulty is too low and the test may not distinguish mastery levels well enough.
You write an essay question and realize students might answer it in many different ways. What should you prepare in advance?
A rubric to fairly and consistently evaluate different responses.
You notice that two students answered similarly, but one gets a lower grade because of your previous frustration with them. What’s this called?
ntrarater inconsistency or bias which is a reminder to stay objective.
