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WFB 4800 > Final Review (quizlet) > Flashcards

Final Review (quizlet) Flashcards

1
Q

Lacey Act

A

prohibits interstate transport of wild animals dead or alive without federal permit.

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2
Q

Weeks-McLean Act

A

No spring hunting and marketing of migratory birds

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3
Q

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

A

placed all migratory birds under the protection of the federal government.

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4
Q

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918

A

placed hunting restrictions on migratory birds

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5
Q

Migratory bird treaty amendment 1997

A

recognition of the importance of subsistence and aboriginal hunting of migratory birds

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6
Q

MBTA authorities

A

-prohibits commercial hunting, sale, and transport of migratory birds and bird parts

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7
Q

migratory bird conservation act

A

required waterfowl hunters to buy a federal duck hunting license

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8
Q

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

A

Requires purchase of a stamp by waterfowl hunters. Revenue generated is used to acquire wetlands.

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9
Q

Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act “Pittman-Robertson Act”

A

implemented a federal tax on all sales of guns and ammunition; taxes used to buy land for wildlife conservation, to support wildlife research, and to reintroduce wildlife in depleted areas

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10
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

father of wildlife management

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11
Q

Frank C. Bellrose

A

father of woodack ecology and management

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12
Q

Habitat #1

A

a set of physical environmental factors or resources a species uses for survival and reproductiom

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13
Q

habitat #2

A

places where animals live temporarily or throughout life, which provide resources ultimately promoting fitness

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14
Q

fitness

A

individual genetic representation in subsequent generation

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15
Q

proximate factors

A

aspects of the biotic and abiotic environment/habitat that animals use to affect their behavior toward survival and fitness

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16
Q

ultimate factors

A

aspects of biotic and abiotic environments that are VITAL to an animal’s survival and fitness

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17
Q

habitat use

A

how or the way in which animals use habitats to meet life history needs

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18
Q

habitat selection

A

a hierarchical process of behavioral responses that may result in the disproportionate use of habitats to influence survival and fitness of individuals

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19
Q

Alternative definitions of habitat selection

A
  1. when habitats are used disproportionately more then their estimated availability or accessibility in environments
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20
Q

1st order

A

Large landscape, physiographic, eco regions or biomes

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21
Q

2nd order

A

seasonal or permanent home range within a geographic region

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22
Q

3rd order

A

specific habitat types used daily within a seasonal or permanent home range

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23
Q

4th order

A

micro habitats within a wetland or upland (foraging sites)

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24
Q

no selection

A

habitat use proportional to availability

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25
Q

plastic habitat selection

A

use varies from availability and differs through time perhaps due to physiological needs or resource availability

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26
Q

Stenotopic selection

A

use differs from availability but is specific through time

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27
Q

R-strategist

A

rapid body growth, density independent, rapid sexual maturity, single reproduction

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28
Q

K strategist

A

Slower growth, density dependent, delayed sexual maturity, repeated reproduction

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29
Q

evolution

A

change in gene frequency within populations of species among generations through: mutation, meiotic drive, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

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30
Q

recombnation

A

during meiosis, genetic recombination involving the pairing of homologous chromosomes and sharing of DNA from parent for offspring (NOT CAUSE OF EVOLUTION)

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31
Q

mutation

A

change in gene frequency related to alterations or aberrations at the gene, chromosome, or genotype level that may ultimately cause differential survival or reproduction of individuals

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32
Q

meiotic drive

A

change in gene frequency due to individual organism’s manipulation of certain chromosomes during meiosis to produce disproportionally more male or female offspring

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33
Q

gene flow

A

change in gene frequency through the exchange of genes between/ among populations of a species (snow geese)

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34
Q

hybridization

A

crossing of two distinct species with production of an intermediate phenotype (black duck x mallard)

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35
Q

introgression

A

introduction of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species or a closely related species, without significant phenotypic consequences

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36
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency due to temporarily and/or spatially random occurrences of births and deaths in a population (significant in small populations)

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37
Q

natural selection

A

change in gene frequency due to differential survival and reproduction of individuals with unique heritable and learned traits

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38
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals at either extreme of the distribution

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39
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selection favors individuals with average characteristics

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40
Q

disruptive selection

A

selection results in multiple phenotypic variants

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41
Q

annual cycle

A

series of inter-related physiological and behavioral events in the annual life cycle and range of animals

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42
Q

The North American Waterfowl Management Plan

A

conserve suitable habitats for waterfowl and other wetland wildlife continentally

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43
Q

David Lack and Stephan Fretwell

A

1st to hypothesize that non-breeding habitat and resources may be important limiting factors for birds in the northern hemisphere

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44
Q

Mitt Weller

A

provided evidence for the existence of carryover effects within species of ducks and geese

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45
Q

Why would waterfowl wanter and winter down south?

A

risk of exposure

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46
Q

Could incremental dispersals by birds during fall and spring be constructed as migration?

A

No, migration patterns form an eclipse where the animal’s circle back to the same place each season

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47
Q

endogenous influences

A

ability to fly, body condition, anxiety, restlessness (during migration period)

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48
Q

exogenous influences

A

wind, temp, lunar phases, ice/snow cover, cloud cover, clarity, social stimuli

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49
Q

Dr. Schumer Kaminsky

A

developed a weather severity index

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50
Q

Mississippi Valley (MAV)

A

autumn migration patterns can be described as time minimization or protracted–> gradual migration culminating in a relatively late arrival on the wintering grounds

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51
Q

less than _____ of the MAV remain forested

A

20%

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52
Q

Why do swans use the MAV?

A

large bodied swans would have difficulty landing and taking flight from forested wetlands

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53
Q

site fidelity generally is more profound in….

A

geese and swans than ducks

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54
Q

Benefits of site fidelity

A

local familiarity with wetlands, food, and other ultimate resources, predators, disturbances

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55
Q

Costs of site fidelity

A

resource depletion upon arrival and inability and knowledge to disperse to alternate habitat, increase risk of predation, increases vulnerability to harvest or predation if individual is in a weakened state

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56
Q

primary research regions

A

MAV and Gulf Coast and Rice Prairies

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57
Q

Gulf Coast and Rice prairies are farmed for

A

rice, soybean, corn

58
Q

food limiting hypothesis

A

if food is limiting during winter it could negatively effect survival and subsequent reproductive performance

59
Q

Duck- Energy Days

A

is the amount of food and its intrinsic metabolize energy value or time, potentially available in forging habitats divided by the energy required by a bird to survive one day

60
Q

most important grains

A

corn and rice

61
Q

mallards metabolize less energy from

A

soybean

62
Q

soybean contain

A

biochemical compounds that restrict uptake of protein from it

63
Q

Scott Manley and Jo Stafford

A

estimated abundance of waste rice in the MAV so that duck energy days provided by rice could be calculated

64
Q

Highest agent of loss

A

decomposition

65
Q

Dr. J. Brian Davis and Jennifer Cross

A

coordinator of the James C. Kennedy Waterfowl and Wetlands Conservation Program

66
Q

Active Management

A

annual disking of more soil wetlands to set back succession of woody vegetation and promote annual recruitment of seeds from moistual plants into the seed bank to sustain a diverse wetland meadow of moist soil

67
Q

Grassy corn

A

used to augment energy and foraging habitat carrying capacity of moist soil wetlands by incorporating corn

68
Q

production corn

A

the herbicide use and the great density of corn limiting penetration sunlight prevents its grass from establishing

69
Q

(Dr. Jake Straub)

A

willow oak acorns (smallest and thinniest)

70
Q

Food for Mallard

A

acorns, seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and fish

71
Q

Positive effects of GTR management

A

sustained, flooded wildlife habitat

72
Q

Negative Effects of GTR management

A

decreased waterfowl use

73
Q

tubers of banana water lily

A

favored by ring-neck ducks (dabbling ducks)

74
Q

Basic needs for fall and spring migrating waterfowl

A

water, nocturnal roosts, and nutritious food

75
Q

capital (geese and swans)

A

carrying nutrient reserves (calcium)

76
Q

income

A

ingest and acquire nutrients during migration and on breeding grounds

77
Q

combination examples of capital vs. income

A

mallards and canvasbacks

78
Q

Critical nutrients for vernal migrating and pre-breeding waterfowl

A

lipids, proteins, sulfur amino acids, and calcium

79
Q

protein

A

muscle maintenance and subsequent egg production

80
Q

sulfur amino acids

A

nourish feather development of females undergoing pre-breeding, pre-basic melt

81
Q

red winged samaras

A

sources of energy spring for migration and nesting wood ducks

82
Q

scuds

A

diving ducks prey on them which are energy and protein rich foods

83
Q

White-fronted and snow geese gain

A

significant lipid and protein reserves on spring staging areas

84
Q

mallards and pintails accumulate

A

partial lipid and protein reserves at migration stop-over areas

85
Q

Teal acquire

A

only adequate reserves to reach next site and use breeding ground resources for reproduction

86
Q

spring conservation hunts

A

conducted to reduce burgeoning populations of snow geese which are negatively impacting to Arctic tundra by their forging during breeding and brood rearing seasons

87
Q

Lipid and protein in snow geese and white fronted geese is greater in

A

non-hunted areas of RWB, Nebraska during spring hunting seasons

88
Q

protein >

A

lipid reserves

89
Q

Which species doesn’t have detectable differences in lipid and protein reserves?

A

northern pintails

90
Q

Spring Condition Hypothesis

A

predicted that females were not able to acquire energy or other needed nutrients for migration and subsequent reproduction from stopover habitats in the Midwest

91
Q

Forage quality has

A

decreased (amphipods in scuap diets)

92
Q

Factors influencing amphipods

A

density of submersed aquatic vegetation was POSITIVELY correlated to amphipod densities

93
Q

Which is an essential nutrient in lipid reserves

A

selenium

94
Q

egg tooth

A

cut its way out of the egg; it detaches from the bill several days after hatch

95
Q

pipping

A

when hatchings begin to cut their way out of the egg

96
Q

precoil

A

hatch their downy plumage dries and they depart the rest with their mothers or parents about one day post hatch

97
Q

tricial

A

fed by parents in the nest

98
Q

young and adult males and females molt entire plumages if

A

young are successful

99
Q

geese and swans are

A

monogamous and exhibit bi-parental care

100
Q

Geese and swans are capital breeders…

A

bringing nutrient reserves to breeding grounds where timing of hatch coincides with availability of green forage for adults and young

101
Q

egg size increases with

A

female size

102
Q

Why do ruddy ducks have massive eggs relative to their body mass?

A

Because they only lay 3-4 large eggs

103
Q

Average constituents of laid eggs

A

14.9% yolk lipids

104
Q

What keeps them dry and buoyant?

A

Their downy plumage and uropygial gland

105
Q

What is the uropygial gland and its function?

A

is an exocrine gland located above the tail of birds that produces a diverse range of biochemicals

106
Q

Follicles mature in the

A

ovary

107
Q

Ova enter oviduct via the

A

infundibulum and gets fertilized

108
Q

Where is the majority of shell laid down?

A

isthmus

109
Q

Where is shell hardened?

A

the uterus or shell gland

110
Q

Laying rate

A

1 egg/ day ducks

111
Q

Rapid Follicle Growth

A

occurs several days (5-6) before the onset of egg laying; enables waterfowl to lay a clutch of 6-10 eggs

112
Q

What is the greatest threat to duck nesting habitat?

A

marginal farm land practices

113
Q

What provides the best nesting habitat?

A

robust native grass

114
Q

What are the major predators of duck nests?

A

striped skunk, red fox, raccoon

115
Q

Whats causing loss of prairies?

A

technology, crop genetics, commodity supports

116
Q

Survival is greatest for early hatched broods when…

A

there is abundant water during the brood rearing period

117
Q

post-nuptial

A

post-breeding molting during summer is the final segment of the annual cycle before fall migration

118
Q

Birds molt

A

annually and after breeding season

119
Q

some female dabbling ducks undergo…

A

prebasic molt

120
Q

the brown, female-like plumage acquired by male ducks in the summer has been variously termed

A

eclipse, nonbreeding, or basic

121
Q

plumage

A

each new generation of feathers

122
Q

Basic

A

the plumage of birds that, as adults, have 1 plumage per year that is replaced in the summer by a complete prebasic molt (geese, swans, and whistling ducks)

123
Q

adult ducks undergo…

A

2 molts and grow 2 plumages per year

124
Q

Females also undergo another prebasic molt during

A

winter

125
Q

What would be an advantage of simultaneous remige molt?

A

flight loss and regain of flight feathers nearly simultaneously

126
Q

Mallards cand adjust to habitat conditions by…

A

delaying molt during poor conditions

127
Q

Epizootic

A

is a temporarily prevalent and widespread disease in animal populations

128
Q

infectious bursal viral disease (IBDV)

A

attacks developing lymphoid tissue of young waterfowl, mainly in the bursa of Fabricius

129
Q

Botulism

A

most infamous disease; caused by bacterium Clostridium botulinum (Type C); Type E causes death

130
Q

Botulism symptoms

A

paralysis, listlessness, and sagging heads; many die from drowning or respiratory failure; kills quickly

131
Q

Conditions to develop

A

receding water levels usually caused by drought, high pH, warm water, negative redox potential, an organic medium

132
Q

Avian Chloera

A

kills birds within 6-12 hours; caused by pasteurella multocida; common when birds are stressed or crowded

133
Q

Signs of Avian Chloera

A

blood shows high level of bacteria; pin-sized lesions on liver, heart, and gizzard; hemorrhages

134
Q

Duck Viral Enteritis

A

caused by herpes virus; attacks vascular system and causes death via hemorrhage within 14 days

135
Q

Signs of Duck Viral Enteritis

A

drooped wings, little to no flight, discharge from eyes, blood dripping from mouths, liver marked with white, pin-sized lesions

136
Q

Lead poisoning field signs

A

reluctance to fly and drooping wings; bile-stranded droppings; emaciated and vent is stained green; impacted food in esophagus

137
Q

Type B of Avian influenza

A

only found in humans

138
Q

LBA1

A

mild illness, lower egg production, poor growth rates

139
Q

HPA1

A

severe illness and death

140
Q

Pandemic Flu

A

global epidemic when Type A is found in humans

WFB 4800 (7 decks)

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