Final Review (quizlet) Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Lacey Act
A
prohibits interstate transport of wild animals dead or alive without federal permit.
2
Q
Weeks-McLean Act
A
No spring hunting and marketing of migratory birds
3
Q
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
A
placed all migratory birds under the protection of the federal government.
4
Q
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
A
placed hunting restrictions on migratory birds
5
Q
Migratory bird treaty amendment 1997
A
recognition of the importance of subsistence and aboriginal hunting of migratory birds
6
Q
MBTA authorities
A
-prohibits commercial hunting, sale, and transport of migratory birds and bird parts
7
Q
migratory bird conservation act
A
required waterfowl hunters to buy a federal duck hunting license
8
Q
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act
A
Requires purchase of a stamp by waterfowl hunters. Revenue generated is used to acquire wetlands.
9
Q
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act “Pittman-Robertson Act”
A
implemented a federal tax on all sales of guns and ammunition; taxes used to buy land for wildlife conservation, to support wildlife research, and to reintroduce wildlife in depleted areas
10
Q
Aldo Leopold
A
father of wildlife management
11
Q
Frank C. Bellrose
A
father of woodack ecology and management
12
Q
Habitat #1
A
a set of physical environmental factors or resources a species uses for survival and reproductiom
13
Q
habitat #2
A
places where animals live temporarily or throughout life, which provide resources ultimately promoting fitness
14
Q
fitness
A
individual genetic representation in subsequent generation
15
Q
proximate factors
A
aspects of the biotic and abiotic environment/habitat that animals use to affect their behavior toward survival and fitness
16
Q
ultimate factors
A
aspects of biotic and abiotic environments that are VITAL to an animal’s survival and fitness
17
Q
habitat use
A
how or the way in which animals use habitats to meet life history needs
18
Q
habitat selection
A
a hierarchical process of behavioral responses that may result in the disproportionate use of habitats to influence survival and fitness of individuals
19
Q
Alternative definitions of habitat selection
A
- when habitats are used disproportionately more then their estimated availability or accessibility in environments
20
Q
1st order
A
Large landscape, physiographic, eco regions or biomes
21
Q
2nd order
A
seasonal or permanent home range within a geographic region
22
Q
3rd order
A
specific habitat types used daily within a seasonal or permanent home range
23
Q
4th order
A
micro habitats within a wetland or upland (foraging sites)
24
Q
no selection
A
habitat use proportional to availability
25
plastic habitat selection
use varies from availability and differs through time perhaps due to physiological needs or resource availability
26
Stenotopic selection
use differs from availability but is specific through time
27
R-strategist
rapid body growth, density independent, rapid sexual maturity, single reproduction
28
K strategist
Slower growth, density dependent, delayed sexual maturity, repeated reproduction
29
evolution
change in gene frequency within populations of species among generations through: mutation, meiotic drive, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
30
recombnation
during meiosis, genetic recombination involving the pairing of homologous chromosomes and sharing of DNA from parent for offspring (NOT CAUSE OF EVOLUTION)
31
mutation
change in gene frequency related to alterations or aberrations at the gene, chromosome, or genotype level that may ultimately cause differential survival or reproduction of individuals
32
meiotic drive
change in gene frequency due to individual organism's manipulation of certain chromosomes during meiosis to produce disproportionally more male or female offspring
33
gene flow
change in gene frequency through the exchange of genes between/ among populations of a species (snow geese)
34
hybridization
crossing of two distinct species with production of an intermediate phenotype (black duck x mallard)
35
introgression
introduction of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species or a closely related species, without significant phenotypic consequences
36
genetic drift
change in frequency due to temporarily and/or spatially random occurrences of births and deaths in a population (significant in small populations)
37
natural selection
change in gene frequency due to differential survival and reproduction of individuals with unique heritable and learned traits
38
directional selection
favors individuals at either extreme of the distribution
39
stabilizing selection
selection favors individuals with average characteristics
40
disruptive selection
selection results in multiple phenotypic variants
41
annual cycle
series of inter-related physiological and behavioral events in the annual life cycle and range of animals
42
The North American Waterfowl Management Plan
conserve suitable habitats for waterfowl and other wetland wildlife continentally
43
David Lack and Stephan Fretwell
1st to hypothesize that non-breeding habitat and resources may be important limiting factors for birds in the northern hemisphere
44
Mitt Weller
provided evidence for the existence of carryover effects within species of ducks and geese
45
Why would waterfowl wanter and winter down south?
risk of exposure
46
Could incremental dispersals by birds during fall and spring be constructed as migration?
No, migration patterns form an eclipse where the animal's circle back to the same place each season
47
endogenous influences
ability to fly, body condition, anxiety, restlessness (during migration period)
48
exogenous influences
wind, temp, lunar phases, ice/snow cover, cloud cover, clarity, social stimuli
49
Dr. Schumer Kaminsky
developed a weather severity index
50
Mississippi Valley (MAV)
autumn migration patterns can be described as time minimization or protracted--> gradual migration culminating in a relatively late arrival on the wintering grounds
51
less than _____ of the MAV remain forested
20%
52
Why do swans use the MAV?
large bodied swans would have difficulty landing and taking flight from forested wetlands
53
site fidelity generally is more profound in....
geese and swans than ducks
54
Benefits of site fidelity
local familiarity with wetlands, food, and other ultimate resources, predators, disturbances
55
Costs of site fidelity
resource depletion upon arrival and inability and knowledge to disperse to alternate habitat, increase risk of predation, increases vulnerability to harvest or predation if individual is in a weakened state
56
primary research regions
MAV and Gulf Coast and Rice Prairies
57
Gulf Coast and Rice prairies are farmed for
rice, soybean, corn
58
food limiting hypothesis
if food is limiting during winter it could negatively effect survival and subsequent reproductive performance
59
Duck- Energy Days
is the amount of food and its intrinsic metabolize energy value or time, potentially available in forging habitats divided by the energy required by a bird to survive one day
60
most important grains
corn and rice
61
mallards metabolize less energy from
soybean
62
soybean contain
biochemical compounds that restrict uptake of protein from it
63
Scott Manley and Jo Stafford
estimated abundance of waste rice in the MAV so that duck energy days provided by rice could be calculated
64
Highest agent of loss
decomposition
65
Dr. J. Brian Davis and Jennifer Cross
coordinator of the James C. Kennedy Waterfowl and Wetlands Conservation Program
66
Active Management
annual disking of more soil wetlands to set back succession of woody vegetation and promote annual recruitment of seeds from moistual plants into the seed bank to sustain a diverse wetland meadow of moist soil
67
Grassy corn
used to augment energy and foraging habitat carrying capacity of moist soil wetlands by incorporating corn
68
production corn
the herbicide use and the great density of corn limiting penetration sunlight prevents its grass from establishing
69
(Dr. Jake Straub)
willow oak acorns (smallest and thinniest)
70
Food for Mallard
acorns, seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and fish
71
Positive effects of GTR management
sustained, flooded wildlife habitat
72
Negative Effects of GTR management
decreased waterfowl use
73
tubers of banana water lily
favored by ring-neck ducks (dabbling ducks)
74
Basic needs for fall and spring migrating waterfowl
water, nocturnal roosts, and nutritious food
75
capital (geese and swans)
carrying nutrient reserves (calcium)
76
income
ingest and acquire nutrients during migration and on breeding grounds
77
combination examples of capital vs. income
mallards and canvasbacks
78
Critical nutrients for vernal migrating and pre-breeding waterfowl
lipids, proteins, sulfur amino acids, and calcium
79
protein
muscle maintenance and subsequent egg production
80
sulfur amino acids
nourish feather development of females undergoing pre-breeding, pre-basic melt
81
red winged samaras
sources of energy spring for migration and nesting wood ducks
82
scuds
diving ducks prey on them which are energy and protein rich foods
83
White-fronted and snow geese gain
significant lipid and protein reserves on spring staging areas
84
mallards and pintails accumulate
partial lipid and protein reserves at migration stop-over areas
85
Teal acquire
only adequate reserves to reach next site and use breeding ground resources for reproduction
86
spring conservation hunts
conducted to reduce burgeoning populations of snow geese which are negatively impacting to Arctic tundra by their forging during breeding and brood rearing seasons
87
Lipid and protein in snow geese and white fronted geese is greater in
non-hunted areas of RWB, Nebraska during spring hunting seasons
88
protein >
lipid reserves
89
Which species doesn't have detectable differences in lipid and protein reserves?
northern pintails
90
Spring Condition Hypothesis
predicted that females were not able to acquire energy or other needed nutrients for migration and subsequent reproduction from stopover habitats in the Midwest
91
Forage quality has
decreased (amphipods in scuap diets)
92
Factors influencing amphipods
density of submersed aquatic vegetation was POSITIVELY correlated to amphipod densities
93
Which is an essential nutrient in lipid reserves
selenium
94
egg tooth
cut its way out of the egg; it detaches from the bill several days after hatch
95
pipping
when hatchings begin to cut their way out of the egg
96
precoil
hatch their downy plumage dries and they depart the rest with their mothers or parents about one day post hatch
97
tricial
fed by parents in the nest
98
young and adult males and females molt entire plumages if
young are successful
99
geese and swans are
monogamous and exhibit bi-parental care
100
Geese and swans are capital breeders...
bringing nutrient reserves to breeding grounds where timing of hatch coincides with availability of green forage for adults and young
101
egg size increases with
female size
102
Why do ruddy ducks have massive eggs relative to their body mass?
Because they only lay 3-4 large eggs
103
Average constituents of laid eggs
14.9% yolk lipids
104
What keeps them dry and buoyant?
Their downy plumage and uropygial gland
105
What is the uropygial gland and its function?
is an exocrine gland located above the tail of birds that produces a diverse range of biochemicals
106
Follicles mature in the
ovary
107
Ova enter oviduct via the
infundibulum and gets fertilized
108
Where is the majority of shell laid down?
isthmus
109
Where is shell hardened?
the uterus or shell gland
110
Laying rate
1 egg/ day ducks
111
Rapid Follicle Growth
occurs several days (5-6) before the onset of egg laying; enables waterfowl to lay a clutch of 6-10 eggs
112
What is the greatest threat to duck nesting habitat?
marginal farm land practices
113
What provides the best nesting habitat?
robust native grass
114
What are the major predators of duck nests?
striped skunk, red fox, raccoon
115
Whats causing loss of prairies?
technology, crop genetics, commodity supports
116
Survival is greatest for early hatched broods when...
there is abundant water during the brood rearing period
117
post-nuptial
post-breeding molting during summer is the final segment of the annual cycle before fall migration
118
Birds molt
annually and after breeding season
119
some female dabbling ducks undergo...
prebasic molt
120
the brown, female-like plumage acquired by male ducks in the summer has been variously termed
eclipse, nonbreeding, or basic
121
plumage
each new generation of feathers
122
Basic
the plumage of birds that, as adults, have 1 plumage per year that is replaced in the summer by a complete prebasic molt (geese, swans, and whistling ducks)
123
adult ducks undergo...
2 molts and grow 2 plumages per year
124
Females also undergo another prebasic molt during
winter
125
What would be an advantage of simultaneous remige molt?
flight loss and regain of flight feathers nearly simultaneously
126
Mallards cand adjust to habitat conditions by...
delaying molt during poor conditions
127
Epizootic
is a temporarily prevalent and widespread disease in animal populations
128
infectious bursal viral disease (IBDV)
attacks developing lymphoid tissue of young waterfowl, mainly in the bursa of Fabricius
129
Botulism
most infamous disease; caused by bacterium Clostridium botulinum (Type C); Type E causes death
130
Botulism symptoms
paralysis, listlessness, and sagging heads; many die from drowning or respiratory failure; kills quickly
131
Conditions to develop
receding water levels usually caused by drought, high pH, warm water, negative redox potential, an organic medium
132
Avian Chloera
kills birds within 6-12 hours; caused by pasteurella multocida; common when birds are stressed or crowded
133
Signs of Avian Chloera
blood shows high level of bacteria; pin-sized lesions on liver, heart, and gizzard; hemorrhages
134
Duck Viral Enteritis
caused by herpes virus; attacks vascular system and causes death via hemorrhage within 14 days
135
Signs of Duck Viral Enteritis
drooped wings, little to no flight, discharge from eyes, blood dripping from mouths, liver marked with white, pin-sized lesions
136
Lead poisoning field signs
reluctance to fly and drooping wings; bile-stranded droppings; emaciated and vent is stained green; impacted food in esophagus
137
Type B of Avian influenza
only found in humans
138
LBA1
mild illness, lower egg production, poor growth rates
139
HPA1
severe illness and death
140
Pandemic Flu
global epidemic when Type A is found in humans
