Final Review Questions Flashcards
What is White Privilege?
Unfair, baised benefits for white people over non-white people
What is Racism
specific prejudice based on physical characteristics like skin colour
What is socially constructed categories to classify humankind based on physical characteristics such as skin colour, eye shape, facial features, hair textures…
Race
Ethnicity
Cultural characteristics, traditions, and shared geographic location
What are the 2 ethnicities and what do they mean
Objective and Subjective
1. Ancestors - ethnic characteristics of ancestors (ethnic origin)
2. How you identify your ethnicity (ethnic identity) ex. may be Ukrainian but identify as Canadian as you grew up in Canada
Visible Minorites
Persons other than Indigenous persons, who are non-white in colour, or non-caucasion in race. (Racialized Groups)
Assimilation
Minority absorbed into the culture of dominant group either voluntary or involuntary
Bicultural
Participating in two distinct cultures simultaneously
Intregration pattern
Identifying with both one’s heritage culture and new, national culture
Colonization
expansion of territory through the aquisition of Indigenous populations’ land and the exploitation of those peoples
Dominant Groups
Have institutional power and privilege in society
Minority Groups
socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment; power matters not numbers
Systemic/Institutional Discrimination
treating someone unfairly because of his or group membership (hiring practices whether they are conscious or unconscious; names of place like “Chinaman’s Peak”; Policies and laws like the Immigration policy; the assimilation policies for Indigenous Peoples…)
Individual Discrimination
any action or practice which denies equity to any person because of their ethnicity, culture, race or religion (ex. avoiding contact with members of certain groups; using derogatory names; hate crimes (criminal offences motivated by hate towards an identifiable group); verbal or physical abuse)
Critical Race Theory
Theory to unpack race and racism on a macro-level; Race is socially constructed and functions to maintain white privilege. It maintains white elite interests, legal and policy areas; Long history of racial categorization and hierarchy based on the unscientific deadline; Cornel West refers to CRT as the last hop of emanicpatory hope for racialized groups
Cornel West on Critical Race Theory
analysis of racism requires:
-An analysis of the metaphors and concepts that have been used in dominant European discourses (and resist them);
-A micro-institutional analysis of the mechanisms that sustain those discourses in the lives of non-Europeans (and resistance to them);
-A macro-structural analysis of economic and political oppression (and resistance)
Carl Linneaus
Came up with the first “races” Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, Afer
Conflict Theory
Similar to Critical Race Theory; Societies structure creates prejudices and socialization - Marxist theories emphasize inequalities in the structure of society under capitalism. Powerful have invested interest in maintaining prejudice in society. Maintian power by reproducing their ideology in institutions and using overt forms of coercion. Dual/split labour market theory - focuses on economic sphere - dominant groups creat prejudices against minority in order to maintain dominance with higher paying upward mobility jobs. poorly and inseure with little opportunity for advancement jobs for the minority
Symbolic Interactionism Perspective
Process we come to understand different ethnic groups and judge them accordingly - through direct/indirect interactions we will develop understandings of the certain groups based on stereotypesand of our own group as being superior - the label attached affects how we perceive them (generic label) - can see in way ethnic groups are portrayed
Symbolic Interactionism Perspective
Process we come to understand different ethnic groups and judge them accordingly - through direct/indirect interactions we will develop understandings of the certain groups based on stereotypesand of our own group as being superior - the label attached affects how we perceive them (generic label) - can see in way ethnic groups are portrayed
What is this process: racial categories are constructed as different and unequal in ways that have social, economic, and political consequences
Racialization
what are the origins of the concept of “race”
Carl Linnaeus; wider social, political, economic implications assiociated with racial categories
whate are the 3 main streams of Immigration to Canada
Family-Class Immigrants: sponsored by a close relative in Canada (spouse, dependent children, grandparent, or parent)
Economic Immigrants: combination of educational attainment, occupational skills, entrepreneurship, business investment, and ability to contribute to Canadian economy
Refugees: persons forced to flee from persecution (outside country of origin with well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion
Why are the streams of immigrants essential to the stability of the Canadian state?
-Voluntary assimilation
-past immigration patterns were linear; upward mobility for each successive generation (based on white immigrants from European countries)
- Present-day immigrants are more from racialized groups so physical characteristics are an obstacle for full assimilation
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How were colonization and assimilation policies used to exploit Indigenous Peoples in Canada
After fur trade Indigenous Peoples were no longer seen as useful so full assimilation became main goal; separate kids from parents through residential schools to help with the ethnocide.
Residential Schools Control
- Taking children away from their families; “beat the indian out of them”
-Forced kids to stop any signs of their Indigenous culture
-Forced to speak only English
-Once required period of schooling ended there were no traditional skills and not efficient schooling plus discrimination made it difficult to integrate into Canadian society
Residential school Syndrome
-Like PTSD
-recurring nightmares, painful memories, and intense feelings of fear or anger
-generational tramua
Prejudice
Attitude unrelated reality and generalized to all members of certain groups
Cognitve; Affective; Behavioural aspects of racism
- Stereotypes; what we think; directed at any types of group; overgeneralized assumptions (stereotypes); likely to hold onto specific stereotypes once they’re established; will falsely remember information accordingly
- How we feel; disliking stereotyped group because they are “untrust worthy”; sometimes not aware of emotions we feel towards particular groups; makes prejudices hard to change (emotional component)
- Discrimination in institutional and systematic settings, embedded in policies and practices; treating people unfairly because of their group membership (hiring practices; intentionally or unintentionally)
Founders of Critical Race Theory
W.E.B Du Bois = influence by his work; Derrick Bell = intellectual finder
What are the key changes in today’s family structure
Same-sex marriages; Fewer marriages/changing marriage structure; Divorce and uncoupling patterns; increase in step families; fewer children
Family Decline - Key Aspects
A religious and sociologists view - there’s a disappearance of “traditional” families - the decrease in birth rates creates the decreased child centeredness
-family is considered the bedrock of society so fewer/weaker marriages and the decline in family puts society’s wellbeing at risk
-traditional family = man, women with children (spouses)
Pluralism Approach - Key Aspects
Emphasizes family diversity -the “golden” years are not how they were portrayed - recent changes demonstrate prioritizing individual choice or autonomy (common-law couples; single parents; same-sex marriage; ) there’s more freedom of choice which makes healthier, happier relationships and family units
Economic Family Experiences
between 9-13% of Canadians have low-incomes and some social groups are at more risk of poverty than others like: lone-parents, people with disabilities, those who are foreign born and Indigenous Peoples. 15% children live in low-income families especially for children with lone-parents (especially mothers) and in Indigenous families.
Ethnic Family Experiences
Children of immigrants are bicultural and have to cope with the often conflicting norms of heritage culture they’re exposed to at home and the new national culture outside of their home - some can help a youth’s psychological and sociocultural adjustment but it can also be detrimental to adjustment - face discrimination which affects individuals, their families and the broader ethnic community - Especially Indigenous
Indigenous Families
Varied family structures within Indigenous Families: Monogamous (2 spouses in one marriage), Polygamous (3+ spouses in one marriage), Nuclear (a family of parents and their children), and Extended (a family of parents, their children and additional relatives) - notion of family is extensive; based on relationships instead of static roles - created through affiliations, adoptions, ceremonial practices, marriages joining bloodlines - their language reflects various forms of family ties.
Contemporary
Marriage Rates and why they have changed
were 8.5% now 4.4%; not fewer people getting married but delayed marriage (average age went from 25-22 (m/f) to 31-29 (m/f)) Cohabitational is now more popular (used to text relationships); commited, intimate relationships by 35 are likely to remain constant over decades
Baby Boom
a period during the 1946-1965 which several demographic forces (world war II) coalesced, resulting in a larger number of births than would normally be the case
Divorce Rates and why they have changed
> 40 people of 100000 over age of 15 would get divorced in (1950s) now 211 out of 100000 - because more available - Divorce Act (1968) separated for at least 3 years; no fault divorce; property rights changing; custody rights - changed again in 1986 separated for 1 year - not “more” divorces, more available option and couples that divorced after 1968 change were already separated for the 3 years
Social Exchange Theory
- closely related to social psychology - society is composed of individuals motivated by self-interest therefore we make choices in our social interactions based on rational calculation of the costs and benefits - every relationship is an exchange of benefits and cost - want a profit from the relationship in order to out-weigh the cost - relative not absolute - Comparison level - Comparision Level alternatives and equity (contributions from each party in relationship preserved as fair)
Comparison Level
A comparison of costs and benefits of relationship compare to other people who are in similar relationships
Comparision Level for Alternatives
Comparison of our relationship to alternative possibilities for our lives
What are the two opposing perspectives used to explain increased diversity in family forms?
Family Decline and Family Pluralism Perspectives
Child birth rates
1851 average birth rate - 6.6 children per women - declined before rising again “baby boom”; reached peak in 1959 before slowing down - 2011 average birth rate = 1.6 per women; delayed child bearing - which comes with complications (less fertile) (technologies to help - ART) - makes children more like commodities (something to be bought like hand-bag or car)
Common-law definition vs blended families
Common-law = considered married by government without being married - cohabitaional relationships (increased) - when first counted 6% families in census were common-law- may result in marriage; kind of “trial run”
Blended families are divorced parent(s) with kid(s) that get remarried - simple means only one side has children; complex means both sides have children
Fictive Kin
Individuals who are not related by blood, marriage or adoption but who assume come of the benefits and/or the obligations associated with family life
How do race and race relations impact different families?
Functionalist Perspective on Familiy Unit
Emphasizes gender roles within family - male do intrumentive tasks whereas females do expressive tasks which keeps families functioning in society; Emile Durkheim questioned how modernization affected families like: liberization of divorce, effective socialization of the children, and household division of labour; not in trouble from modernization - not worse then is was, just different; current families have additional functions;
Conflict Perspective on the Family Unit
transition from fuedalism to capitalism created patriachry male workers subordinated by employeers so wives and children were subordinated by men. resources are unequally distributed within families; thus conflicts emerge; conflict is normal part of family; some suggest it is a microism of broader societal conflicts; (Focus on Family Violence)
Feminist Perspective on Family Unit
Families are central to feminist view; play pivotal role in the rendering of people’s expereicenes; ; critical of the mainstream theories “romanticing” family life; draw attention to household responsibilities; no single monolithic family but plurality of family forms; incorporates how race, class, sex, sexual orientation, nation and other structures of social hierarchy differentially stratify and challenge gendered experiences in families
Epidemiological Transition and the 4 phases
historical changes in patterns of morbidity and mortality from a predominance of infectious and parasitic diseases to degenerative diseases
1. Famine, Infectious Diseases, and Parasitic diseases; human expectancy was 20-30yrs, 1/3 of infants didn’t survive; 1/2 of deaths were before 5yrs old
2. Decline in epidemics because of improved agriculture and nutrition, changes in warfare; birth rates decreased; Life expectancy expanded to 40yrs; 25% of deaths before age of 5 but 2/3 people living to 25 and 29
3. Infectious Diseases declined further; degenerative diseases became leading cause of death; improvements in agriculture, nutrition, public health, and medical interventions; 91% Canadaians lived to 65 and 90% of deaths were over 65yrs; Childhood Vaccines
4. Increase in degenerative diseases; emergence of new infectious diseases (Ebola, HIV, Covid); From variety of social forces such as overuse of antibiotics creating drug-resistant diseases/bacteria
Difference between Morbidity and Mortality
- The prevalence and pattern of diseases in a population
2.The incidence and patterns of death in a population
Why is age a key factor in understanding death patterns? Why is tobacco use for youth concerning especially with media?
Differences between the Leading causes of death and the actual causes of death
Top 3 Leading Causes of Death = Cancer, heart diseases, and stroke
Actual Causes of Death = Tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, and alcohol misuse
(Males = accidents Women = strokes)
Social Selection Hypothesis - Key Aspects
Mental Health - Mental Disorders cause people to drift into lower statuses; or prevented from rising out of lower levels of socioeconomic status
Social Causation Hypothesis
Mental Health; The stress assoicated with lower socioeconomic statuses contributes to mental disorders
what is the Healthy Immigrant Effect
Recent immigrants have a better health than Canadian born since policy prioritize higher status immigrants however health quickly declines because of the lower status their new country
Social gradient of health
Correlation with poverty and ill health or vice-versa, wealth and good health
poverty poses barriers to health; access to healthy food, housing, neighbourhoods, access to employment (education)
Rising costs in healthcare; aging populations could be one reason
Social Determinants of Health
- Income and social status 2. social support networks 3. education 4. employment/working conditions 5. social environments 6. physical environments 7. personal health practices 8. healthy child development 9. gender 10. culture
The Sick Role + who came up with it
Talcott Parsons - Societal expectations about attitudes and behaviours of a person viewed as being ill, and what are the sick individuals rights and responsibilities with 4 components: Temporary exemption from normal duties (missing schools; exam) 2. Not responsible for their condition (sympathy) 3. Responsible to try and get well or else the sick role is no long legitimate 4. Responible to seek help and co-operate with physicians rules - components vary depending on severity and nature
What can impacts health outcomes and patterns in society
Functionalist Perspective on health and illness
Sickness is not functional, when your sick you cannot fulfill your role in society instead you have a temporary sick role; prioritizes restoring “sick” individuals to a healthy state; sickness has to be controlled so not too many sick people are released from their societal responsibilities
Conflict Perspective on Health and Illness
The role of inequality in patterns of health and illness as well as the problems with the healthcare system - social inequality and relations of power makes different groups have varying levels of access to health-promoting resources and sickness causing factors - because of capitalism large number of people left rural agricultural life for wage labour; underpaid workers in unhealthy work and life conditions; power only legitimizing some forms of healthcare like license physicians over holistic practitioner
Socioeconomic and Ethnicity ‘fundamental’ causes of health and illness
good socioeconic status = adequate housing, safe neighbourhoods, food insecurity, clean water, clean air, educational opportunities, sense of control
Low Socio-economic status = long-term stress, constant feelings of no control, lower income neighbourhoods, food insecurity
-Indigenous Peoples experience higher morbidity and mortality rate - experience higher rates of degenerative diseases more - more likely to die of accidents, lower life expectancy - colonization
-Healthy immigrant effect; discrimination
Why is age a key factor in understanding death and health patterns?
Health of Indigenous Peoples vs non-Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Peoples have a higher mortality/morbidity rates - 5 and 7yr less life expectancy; experience higher rates of degenerative diseases more likely to die of accidents
Why are there differences between the health of Indigenous Peoples vs non-Indigenous Peoples?
The legacy of Colonization - Lower economic status = income inequality, low-quality employment, lower levels of education
Lack of Control of Destiny - current/historical laws and policy = treaty status, marriage, and divorce, education, place of residence, medical treatment, housing all contribute to the control of destiny; land extraction/infrastructure/land pollution = loss of traditional diets, food sources - increase reliance on packaged or processed foods
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Health and Illness
How people understand their health, how their relationship to their bodies is mediated by social concepts of health and illness, how their healthy affects their relationships with the people in their lives
-roles played by health care professionals and patients
deeper meaning in taking your medication
Feminist Perspectives on Health and Illness
everything from birth to beauty is being treated in an increasingly medical context
-Micro: women’s credibility is questioned
-Macro: medicalization of the female body, birth, menopause
women excluded from medical studies; more research should be done on women, lesbians, transgendered subjects
Post-Modern Approach to Health and Illness
examines knowledge and power in medialization society
problems with medical science as the dominating body of knowledge, most legitimate
sees communication patterns among doctors and patients as reinforcing the power of medical discourses in society at the macro level
Ecological Footprint
An estimate for gauging the total area of land and water ecosystems a human needs in order to produce the resources it consumes and to assimilate its wastes
Ecological Overshoot
Growth beyond the earth’s carrying capacity
Human Carrying Capacity
The number of people that can be supported in a given area indefinitely
Total Fertility Rate - how is it essential to population growth
The number of live births a female can be expected to have in her lifetime
- currently 1.6 - very low - highest birth rate in the world is in Niger = 6.6
Infant Mortality rate - how is it related to population growth
The incidence of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given population
-connected to economic and social development in terms of factors like healthcare, education, and proper sanitation
Demographic Transition Theory + what are the stages
As a result of modernization, societies eventually progress from being characterized by high fertility and mortality rates to being characterized by low fertility and mortality rates - 4 stages
1. pre-industrialization, high infant mortality rate and high birth rates, low living conditions, high need of family roles to sustain life, stable population growth
2. Early industrialization, lowered death rates, high birth rates, improvement in living conditions, higher population growth rate
3. Advanced industrialized societies, declined birth rate, longer life expectancy, lowered population growth rate
4. Post-industrial economy, zero population growth
Urban Sprawl vs Urbanization
A progress by which rapid urban growth necessitates the conversion of natural land for human-made uses
Overconsumption of Resources
Overconsumption: use of natural resources at a rate on par with natural replenishment - rates of resources used contribute to the label of disposable societies and sustainability
Greenwashing
Misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product
Anthropocentrism and Human Exemptionalism Paradigm
- A view that considers humans to be the most important form of life
- views of humans as unique from other organisms in the natural world because of their capacity to reason and develop culture
The 2nd os a framework by Catton and Dunlap
New Ecological Paradigm
The view that humans as possessing a superior capacity to reason and adapt to social/cultural conditions while also recognizing the interdependence between humans and natural environment
Conflict Perspective on Environmental Sociology and the Treadmill of Production
Treadmill of production places the economy at the heart of decision making - a theoretical model that explains environmental issues as resulting from incessant need to increase production and profit
-2 environmental concerns 1. High extraction of natural resources 2. High accumulation of waste
5 pillars of modern industry: economic expansion; increased consumption; propensity to solve social and ecological problems by speeding up the treadmill; economic expansion; and alliances among capital, labour and governments
-more concerned with saving capitalism then saving the environment; capitalism needs greater economic expansion; need to replace capitalism with socialism
-those who have lower resources see the greater negative impact
-4 injustice pillars: racism; sexism; class exploitation; and environmental destruction
Functionalist Perspective on Environment Sociology
Humans, Industries, and environment can coexist as long as everyone works together to protect environment for collective good; Ecological Modernization
-promote green practices; energy reforms, energy-effiency regulations, sustainability efforts, phasing out of hazardous chemicals, improved methods for dealing with waste, and new forms of environmental governance
The suggestion that the stress associated with having lower socioeconomic status contributes to the development of mental illness is known as?
Social Causation Hypothesis
Three Measures that are used to gauge population growth are:
total fertility rate; infant fertility rate; migration
… is a view of the world that places humans above all other forms of life in terms of value and importance
Anthropocentrism-
Feminist Perspective on Family Unit
families are central; play pivotal role in gendering experiences; marriages are disadvantages to women; challenge heteronormativity
Why is age a key factor in understanding death patterns? Why is tobacco use for youth concerning especially with media?
roughly 22% of people 15+ years olds; cultural norms, availability of tobacco products, control policies, and promotion of cigarettes by tobacco companies; smoking in movies have a greater impact on youth, 4x as likely to smoke when have seen more movies with smoking than those youth who haven’t
