Final Review - Missing Concepts

Question 1

What does the exclamation mark mean?

Answer 1

Causes less serious health effects OR can damage the ozone layer.

Question 2

What does the flame over circle mean?

Answer 2

Oxidizing material, may remove electrons from somethings. (Such as lungs).

Question 3

What does health hazard mean?

Answer 3

May cause serious health effects. May be carcinogenic.

Question 4

How do inter-molecular forces affect viscosity and evaporation?

Answer 4

Stronger inter-molecular forces means that it takes more energy to disrupt (separate) molecules. This also means that it takes more energy to make them evaporate.

Question 5

Who helped develop the new atomic model (current one we learned about in Chemistry 30)

Answer 5

Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg

Question 6

How do you format a Lewis dot diagram equation?

Answer 6

Use arrows. Use charges for ionic compounds.

Question 7

How do you draw dipoles?

Answer 7

Use either the greek letter delta followed by a + or - (omit delta if it is an exposed hydrogen ion (the charge of that is not nearly as small)), by each atom.
Alternatively, use arrows between the atomic bonds (+—–>) with the arrow pointing towards the negative end.

Question 8

Does shape or electronegativiy difference determine polarity?

Answer 8

Shape takes priority if the two disagree.

Question 9

What type of intermolecular bonding does water have? Why?

Answer 9

Water has the ‘bent’ shape, which is not symmetrical (it contains lone pair electrons). It also contains hydrogen, which loses its electrons to oxygen most of the time, giving water hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces.

Question 10

What are some properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 10

Form crystals.
Many bonds, also stronger.
Higher melting point.
Hard, but brittle.
Does not conduct when solid because of a lack of free ions.
More soluble in water.

Question 11

What are some properties of molecular compounds?

Answer 11

Do not form crystals.
Weaker bonds.
No ions, so not conductive.
Lower melting and boiling points.
Do not dissolve well in water.

Question 12

What does organic chemistry exclude?

Answer 12

Carbonates, cyanides, and oxides.

Question 13

What are the types of isomers?

Answer 13

Structural, (different orders, but same elements and amounts).
Stereoisomers (cis-isomer and trans-isomer)

Question 14

What is an aromatic?

Answer 14

Benzene with other substituents added to it.

Question 15

What is a phenyl?

Answer 15

Phenyl is benzene as a substituent.

Question 16

Alcohol functional group?

Answer 16

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Question 17

What are the different types of alcohols?

Answer 17

First degree - 1 carbon bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.
Second degree - 2 carbons bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.
Third degree - 3 carbons bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.

Question 18

What do you need to remember about naming substituents?

Answer 18

The infix (di, tri, etc). For example, an alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups would have diol instead of ol.

Question 19

Alcohol properties.

Answer 19

Higher melting and boiling points. More soluble in water. Dissolve both polar and non-polar compounds. -compared to alkanes and alkenes

Question 20

Ether functional group.

Answer 20

C-O-C. Remember name the smaller chain as oxy, and the larger one normally.

Question 21

Aldehyde and ketones functional groups.

Answer 21

Carboxyl.
Aldehydes: C=O on end of chain. Replace ‘e’ with ‘al’
Ketones: C=O between two carbon atoms. Replace ‘e’ with ‘one’

Question 22

Aldehyde and ketone properties.

Answer 22

More polar than hydrocarbons, less than alcohols. Smaller ones are water soluble, not larger ones. Often used as solvents.

Question 23

Carboxylic acid functional group.

Answer 23

OH-C=O (only found on end of chain). Replace ‘e’ with ‘oic acid’

Question 24

Carboxylic acid properties.

Answer 24

Very polar. Form hydrogen bonds with eachother. Readily dissolve in water and alcohols. Share many properties with other acids.

Question 25

Ester functional group.

Answer 25

O=C(-R)-O-R. Same as carboxylic acid, but hydrogen replaced with other carbon chain.

Question 26

Naming esters:

Answer 26

Name alcohol part (not double bonded to O) as hydrocarbon substituent. Name acid part (attatched to O by single and double bond) as carboxylic acid but with -OATE and no acid.

Question 27

What are fats and oils?

Answer 27

Long ester molecules.

Question 28

What is an amino group?

Answer 28

Ammonia (NH3) but at least one H has been replaced with a carbon chain. Can exist as parents or substituents.

Question 29

Naming amines.

Answer 29

As a parent (more than one H replaced), name carbons as substituents followed by amine.

As substituent: ‘e’ is replaced with ‘amine’. Remember infixes.

Question 30

Properties of amines

Answer 30

Polar, soluble in water (lone pair electrons on N). Reduces as carbon chains become longer.

Question 31

What are amino acids made of?

Answer 31

Amino groups and carboxylic acids. Name as carboxylic acids. Amines named as substituents before parent as ‘amino’

Question 32

What is natural gas primarily made of?

Answer 32

Methane. But contains impurities.

Question 33

What is ethane cracking?

Answer 33

Turning ethane into ethene by removing hydrogen.

Question 34

What is concentration a measurement of?

Answer 34

C=mol/V
V in litres.

Remember how much a mole is.

Question 35

What does ksp describe?

Answer 35

How well something dissolves.

Question 36

How do you predict precipitates?

Answer 36

Use the chart. Start by identifying the negative ion, then check the positive ions.

Question 37

Rule of 1000 equation

Answer 37

If Concentration/ksp >1000, then x as a change is negligible.