Final Review - Missing Concepts Flashcards
What does the exclamation mark mean?
Causes less serious health effects OR can damage the ozone layer.
What does the flame over circle mean?
Oxidizing material, may remove electrons from somethings. (Such as lungs).
What does health hazard mean?
May cause serious health effects. May be carcinogenic.
How do inter-molecular forces affect viscosity and evaporation?
Stronger inter-molecular forces means that it takes more energy to disrupt (separate) molecules. This also means that it takes more energy to make them evaporate.
Who helped develop the new atomic model (current one we learned about in Chemistry 30)
Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg
How do you format a Lewis dot diagram equation?
Use arrows. Use charges for ionic compounds.
How do you draw dipoles?
Use either the greek letter delta followed by a + or - (omit delta if it is an exposed hydrogen ion (the charge of that is not nearly as small)), by each atom.
Alternatively, use arrows between the atomic bonds (+—–>) with the arrow pointing towards the negative end.
Does shape or electronegativiy difference determine polarity?
Shape takes priority if the two disagree.
What type of intermolecular bonding does water have? Why?
Water has the ‘bent’ shape, which is not symmetrical (it contains lone pair electrons). It also contains hydrogen, which loses its electrons to oxygen most of the time, giving water hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces.
What are some properties of ionic compounds?
Form crystals.
Many bonds, also stronger.
Higher melting point.
Hard, but brittle.
Does not conduct when solid because of a lack of free ions.
More soluble in water.
What are some properties of molecular compounds?
Do not form crystals.
Weaker bonds.
No ions, so not conductive.
Lower melting and boiling points.
Do not dissolve well in water.
What does organic chemistry exclude?
Carbonates, cyanides, and oxides.
What are the types of isomers?
Structural, (different orders, but same elements and amounts).
Stereoisomers (cis-isomer and trans-isomer)
What is an aromatic?
Benzene with other substituents added to it.
What is a phenyl?
Phenyl is benzene as a substituent.
Alcohol functional group?
Hydroxyl (-OH)
What are the different types of alcohols?
First degree - 1 carbon bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.
Second degree - 2 carbons bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.
Third degree - 3 carbons bonded to carbon containing hydroxyl.
What do you need to remember about naming substituents?
The infix (di, tri, etc). For example, an alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups would have diol instead of ol.
Alcohol properties.
Higher melting and boiling points. More soluble in water. Dissolve both polar and non-polar compounds. -compared to alkanes and alkenes
Ether functional group.
C-O-C. Remember name the smaller chain as oxy, and the larger one normally.
Aldehyde and ketones functional groups.
Carboxyl.
Aldehydes: C=O on end of chain. Replace ‘e’ with ‘al’
Ketones: C=O between two carbon atoms. Replace ‘e’ with ‘one’
Aldehyde and ketone properties.
More polar than hydrocarbons, less than alcohols. Smaller ones are water soluble, not larger ones. Often used as solvents.
Carboxylic acid functional group.
OH-C=O (only found on end of chain). Replace ‘e’ with ‘oic acid’
Carboxylic acid properties.
Very polar. Form hydrogen bonds with eachother. Readily dissolve in water and alcohols. Share many properties with other acids.
Ester functional group.
O=C(-R)-O-R. Same as carboxylic acid, but hydrogen replaced with other carbon chain.
Naming esters:
Name alcohol part (not double bonded to O) as hydrocarbon substituent. Name acid part (attatched to O by single and double bond) as carboxylic acid but with -OATE and no acid.
What are fats and oils?
Long ester molecules.
What is an amino group?
Ammonia (NH3) but at least one H has been replaced with a carbon chain. Can exist as parents or substituents.
Naming amines.
As a parent (more than one H replaced), name carbons as substituents followed by amine.
As substituent: ‘e’ is replaced with ‘amine’. Remember infixes.
Properties of amines
Polar, soluble in water (lone pair electrons on N). Reduces as carbon chains become longer.
What are amino acids made of?
Amino groups and carboxylic acids. Name as carboxylic acids. Amines named as substituents before parent as ‘amino’
What is natural gas primarily made of?
Methane. But contains impurities.
What is ethane cracking?
Turning ethane into ethene by removing hydrogen.
What is concentration a measurement of?
C=mol/V
V in litres.
Remember how much a mole is.
What does ksp describe?
How well something dissolves.
How do you predict precipitates?
Use the chart. Start by identifying the negative ion, then check the positive ions.
Rule of 1000 equation
If Concentration/ksp >1000, then x as a change is negligible.
