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Radiologic Exposures > Final Review: image Receptor Exposure > Flashcards

Final Review: image Receptor Exposure Flashcards

1
Q

Two photographic properties allow detail to be seen on radio graphic images

A

-IR Exposure
-Contrast

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2
Q

-monitor control
-not the same as density term
-window level controls

A

Brightness

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3
Q

Window leveling

A

Moving mouse up and down
-up (blacker image)
Down- (whiter image)

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4
Q

What is your Receptor exposure?
-mAs or kvp?

A

mAs

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5
Q

What is your contrast?
-mAs or kvp?

A

kvp

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6
Q

Traditional term “density” no longer applicable in digital world. What was it replaced with?

A

Image Receptor (IR) exposure

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7
Q

Details not recorded on underexposed image is due to

A

Due to quantum mottle/noise

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8
Q

What can eliminate excess information on overexposed image?

A

Digital post processing

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9
Q

This happens when saturation occurs.

A

Over exposure

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10
Q

When enough photons do not reach the IR. mAs needs to be increased.

A

Quantum Mottle

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11
Q

Receptor exposure (mAs) + Contrast (kvp) =

A

Visibility of detail

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12
Q

What percentage is needed in changes in mAs for visible density change?

A

minimum 30%

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13
Q

Factors Affecting IR Exposure:

A

Controlling or influencing:
-mAs as controlling factor(in film)
-Multitude of influencing factors

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14
Q

Make changes in doubles or halves:

A

15% rule
-decrease kvp by 15% and double mAs
-Increase kvp by 15% and reduce mAs by a half

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15
Q

Low Contrast

A

-Long scale (many grays)
- increase kvp (chest xrays)
-wide window width
-wide latitude
-elephant herd

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16
Q

High Contrast

A

-short scale (fewer grays)
-decrease kvp (hand xray)
-Narrow window width
- narrow latitude
-zebra

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17
Q

what happens to contrast when you decrease kvp

A

increase contrast

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18
Q

Intensity of radiation at given distance from point source is inversely related to the square of distance between object and source.

A

Inverse Square Law

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19
Q

Provides technique correction for change in SID and maintains same image density/ IR Exposure

A

Direct Square Law

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20
Q

What is being changed in these situations?
The minimum 30 percent for visible density change and making changes in doubles and halaves

A

Changes in mAs

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21
Q

Image Noise

A

-Impairs diagnostic acuity
-anything unwanted on an image

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22
Q

Three types of noise

A

-Quantum noise
-system noise
-ambient noise

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23
Q

what noise is the largest contributor to total noise?

A

Quantum noise (controlled with mAs)

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24
Q

Regarding image noise what is wanted:

A

High signal, low noise

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25
Q

what is the primary influencing factor of IR exposure

A

mAs

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26
Q

This number helps determine how much was reached

A

e.i. #

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27
Q

Relationship between mAs and IR exposure

A

directly proportional

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28
Q

Ideal IR exposure

A

1 mR

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29
Q

a reference point

A

Exposure index # (e.i.#)

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30
Q

Combination of technical inflencing factors :

A

mAs
kvp
SID
filtration
grids
collimation
IR sensitivity
Body Part
Heel Effect
Focal spot

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31
Q

Total exposure to the image receptor

A

Image quality

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32
Q

How is IR exposure best controlled by?

A

Controlling AEC and technique charts

33
Q

AEC

A

Automatic Program Control

33
Q

APR

A

Anatomically programmed radiography

34
Q

increased grid ratio also increases:

A

patient dose

35
Q

CR compared to DR

A

CR- higher technique needed
DR- more sensitive

36
Q

Is a monitor control function that can change the lightness and darkness of the image on a display monitor but it is not related to IR exposure.

A

Brightness

37
Q

Overall blackening that is the result of black metallic silver deposited in the emulsion of film.

A

Density

38
Q

Describes digital post processing that produces changes in brightness, so it appropriate to use when controlling the display of an image.

A

Window Level

39
Q

Larger focal spots utilize a greater incident electron stream than small focal spots. Small focal spots can not withstand as much heat.

A

Focal Spot Size

40
Q

Alters the intensity of radiation and therefore the IR exposure between the anode and cathode ends of the xray tube. (FAT CAT- IR exposure is always greater at the cathode end)

A

Anode Heel Effect

41
Q

According to the inverse square law what alters the intensity of the beam reaching the IR?

A

SID

42
Q

Relationship with Filtration and IR exposure

A

Inverse- IR exposure decreases when filtration increases

43
Q

Restricting the beam, collimating, or reducing the primary beam field size reduces the total photons available what does this reduce overall?

A

Reduces the amount of scatter radiation and therefore reduces the overall IR exposure.

44
Q

More matter=

A

More scatter

45
Q

Technical factor compensation for changes in IR exposure is required only under the following circumstances:

A

-large anatomical part
-high kilovoltage
-low grid efficiency
-non-grid examinations

46
Q

What happens to the IR exposure when tissue thickness, average atomic number of tissue, and/or tissue density increases?

A

IR exposure decreases

47
Q

How do you move the window width for contrast

A

left and right

48
Q

The more efficient the grid is, how is the IR exposure effected.

A

The less will be the IR exposure

49
Q

Grids absorb scatter so how does that affect the IR exposure

A

It adds exposure to the IR and density to the film

50
Q

What controls the average energy of xray photons at anode target

A

kvp

51
Q

kvp change is not recommended to control?

A

Image noise

52
Q

Affects average energy of beam
-only consider when changing from single phase to high frequency, multi-phase

A

Generator Configuration

53
Q

When kvp is increased how does that affect quality and quantity

A

quality and quantity are increased

54
Q

More matter= more scatter= Compton scatter which is what dose?

A

Occupational Dose

55
Q

this number helps determine how much was reached

A

E.I. #

56
Q

Built into processing of computer. Pre processing with digital creating picture perfect image. Compares to the image taken.

A

Histogram

57
Q

what is the best generator

A

High frequency- generates more heat

58
Q

What does Focal Spot Affect

A

ONLY Resolution
does not affect contrast or receptor exposure

59
Q

More pronounced with wider collimation

A

Anode Heel Effect

60
Q

Alters intensity of beam across cathode/anode axis

A

Anode Heel Effect

61
Q

IR exposure up to 45% greater at cathode side of beam

A

Anode Heel Effect

62
Q

Words to describe inverse square law:

A

-Intensity
-mR
-inversely

63
Q

Words to describe Direct Square Law:

A

-Maintain
-mAs
-direct

64
Q

How is filtration related to Ir exposure

A

Inversely
-Increased filtration will decrease IR exposure
-Increased filtration increases average energy of beam but reduces intensity of beam (quantity)

65
Q

Relationship between anatomical part and IR exposure

A

Inversely

66
Q

How is beam restriction and IR exposure related

A

inversely
- increased beam restriction decreases IR exposure
- Reduces total amount of remnant radiation striking IR (reduced scatter and secondary)

67
Q

What can impact the histogram?

A

Tight collimation
(small field size)
tight collimation works against histogram analysis and equalization

68
Q

decreased field of view, increase collimation does what to the receptor exposure

A

decreases

69
Q

what does increase filtration affect

A

decreases exposure. (cleans it up, more quality image)

70
Q

How does the additive pathology affect the IR

A

Decreases density/ IR exposure

71
Q

How does Destructive pathology affect the IR

A

Increases density/ Ir exposure

72
Q

Is additive pathology radiolucent or radiopaque

A

radiopaque

73
Q

is destructive pathology radiolucent or radiopaque

A

radiolucent

74
Q

is barium additive or destructive

A

additive (increase technique)

75
Q

is iodine additive or destrictive

A

additive (increase technique)

76
Q

Is air and gas additive or destructive

A

destructive ( decrease technique)

77
Q

what happens to Ir exposure when there is a increase in grid ratio

A

Decrease receptor exposure

78
Q

When using positive and negative additives what needs to happen to the contrast material

A

Double the contrast material

Radiologic Exposures (11 decks)

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