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Radiologic Exposures > Final Review: Beam Restriction > Flashcards

Final Review: Beam Restriction Flashcards

1
Q

Increased kVp affect on interactions:

A

-increased transmission
-decreased photoelectric absorption
-increased Compton Scatter

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2
Q

affects the penetrability of beam

A

kVp

**i know we already know this shit but hey nothings wrong with repetition lol

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3
Q

Volume of irradiated material

A

-Field Size
-Patient Thickness

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4
Q

Decreased kVp affect on interactions

A

-Decreased transmission
-increased photoelectric absorption
-decreased Compton Scatter

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5
Q

increased kVp affect on patient dose:

A

-decreased dose
(decreased photoelectric absorption and increase in kVp typically accompanied by reduction in mAs)

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6
Q

Increased kVp affect on image quality

A

-lower amount of contrast if using film/scree receptor System
-not as pronounced in digital systems, due to image post processing

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7
Q

Decreased kVp affect on interactions:

A

Decreased transmission
increased photoelectric absorption
Decreased Compton Scatter

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8
Q

Decreased kVp affect on patient dose:

A

Increased dose
(increased photoelectric absorption and decrease in kVp usually accompanied by increase in mAs which increases dose even more)

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9
Q

Decreased kVp affect on image quality

A

-Higher image contrast if using film/screen receptor system
-Not as pronounced in digital systems, due to image post processing

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10
Q

Decreased FS decreases beam quantity

A

-decreases scatter
-decreases amount of remnant radiation hitting receptor
-can increase image noise without mAs compensation

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11
Q

Increased FS increases volume of tissue irradiated

A

Results in increased scatter

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12
Q

Decreasing FS, fewer photons reach IR

A

-image receptor exposure decreased
-increases in mAs must accompany significant reduction in FS to maintain image receptor exposure

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13
Q

More matter=

A

more scatter

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14
Q

Compression devices used to improve spacial resolution and contrast

A

-decreases patient thickness
-results in lower patient dose
-brings tissue closer to receptor
-routinely used in mammography

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15
Q

Using beam restricting devices

A

-usually beam restrictors decrease FS to anatomy of interest
-unnecessary tissue exposure decreases
-scatter decreases
-scale of contrast shortens
-visibility of detail increases

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16
Q

Beam Restrictors

A

-aperture diaphragms, cones, and cylinders
-collimators
ancillary devices

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17
Q

-modern equipment feature
-light localizing field light
(provides indication of midpoint of central ray)
-two sets of shutters that permits infinite number of field sizes (length and width of field independently controlled)

A

Collimator

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18
Q

Bottom shutters

A

Reduce Penumbra

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19
Q

Occurs from areas of xray tube other than focal spot area

A

Off focus radiation

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20
Q

Upper shutters

A

reduce off focus radiation reaching IR

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21
Q

produces images beyond exposed field of radiation
-image shadows

A

Off focus radiation

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22
Q

-uses light reflected off mirror to project coverage of xray beam
-proper adjustment of mirror necessary to accurately display location of exposure field
-light field/xray beam coincidence testing should be part of quality control program
-needs to be accurate within +/= 2% of SID
-mirror adds to system inherent filtration

A

Light Field

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23
Q

what is your first step for beam restricting

A

Collimating

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24
Q

what do the lead lined shutters decrease

A

decreases scatter going on to patient

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25
Q

Automatically collimates beam to size of image receptor

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)

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26
Q

Ancillary Devices

A

Lead Blockers (shields)
Lead masks(attach to collimator)

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27
Q

Is receptor exposure increased or decreased when there is more absorption in the body

A

Decreases

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28
Q

What does decreasing field size do to the beam

A

decreasing field size makes the beam more concentrated

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29
Q

Patient factors

A

-body habitus
-part thickness affects (beam attenuation, exposure reaching IR, scatter production and image contrast)
-pediatric patients

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30
Q

hypersthenic
sthenic
hyposthenic
asthenic

A

hypersthenic- larger build
sthenic-averge
hyposthenic-slender
asthenic-very slender

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31
Q

Special considerations:

A

-projections and positions
-casts and splints
-pathology
-soft tissue imaging
-contrast media

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32
Q

5 xray densisties

A

air
fat
muscle
bone
metal

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33
Q

Positive contrast agents

A

Iodine or barium
because of their high atomic number (ability to attenuate the beam)
iodine is 53
barium is 56

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34
Q

This disease breaks bone down; you need less kvp to penetrate it

A

degenerative disease

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35
Q

is arthritis additive or degenerative

A

degenerative

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36
Q

is emphysema additive or degenerative

A

degenerative disease

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37
Q

With this disease , you may need more kvp to penetrate it

A

Additive disease

38
Q

is pneumonia additive or degenerative

A

additive

39
Q

is pleural effusion additive or degenerative

A

additive

40
Q

Reduction in xray photons remaining in beam after passing through given thickness of material

A

Attenuation

41
Q

increased part thickness and material density results in:

A

increased attenuation

42
Q

radiographers greatest variable

A

the patient

43
Q

-result of photoelectric absorption
-result of Compton scattering(provides no useful info and contributes to occupational dose)
-exponential process

A

attenuation

44
Q

-Effective atomic number :7.78 (greater than fat or muscle)
-low tissue density
-absorbs few photons
results in increased area of exposure on ir
radiolucent

A

Air

45
Q

composition of human body determines its radiographic appearance

A

gas(air)
fat surrounding kidney
muscle (water density)
bone (mineral)

46
Q

-Soft tissue
-effective atomic number and tissue density similar to water
-effective atomic number slightly less than muscle
-fat as a tissue density less than muscle and therefore will contrast with muscle on images

A

Fat

47
Q

-Soft tissue
-slightly higher atomic number and tissue density than fat
considered essentially a water density

A

Muscle

48
Q

-Composed of calcium and phosphorous salts
-calcium among highest atomic number of elements found in body
-greatest tissue density of four basic tissue substances
-high absorption of photons
-large percentage of PE interactions
-decreased area of exposure on ir
-results in areas considered radiopaque

A

Bone

49
Q

IR exposure will be altered by changes in amount or type of tissue being irradiated

A

Subject density

50
Q

-Degree of differential absorption resulting from differing absorption characteristics of tissues in body
-dependent upon the tissue composition as a body part

A

Subject contrast

51
Q

low subject contrast body part

A

breast, abdomen

52
Q

high subject contrast body part

A

Skill, spine, knee

53
Q

Recorded detail of anatomical structures dependent upon:
-anatomical location within body
-bodys placement in relationship to ir
-increased distance of anatomical structures from receptor yields less detail of anatomy

A

subject detail

54
Q

-misrepresentation of the size of anatomy due to its orientation to path of xray beam
-unless patient is positioned specifically to demonstrate a particular structure, may not be accurately represented on image receptor

A

Subject Distortion

55
Q

Can alter thickness and composition of patients tissue density

A

Pathology

56
Q

increase tissue thickness, effective atomic number and/or tissue density

A

Additive conditions

57
Q

which condition (additive or destructive) permits less exposure to receptor, without technique compenstation

A

less exposure

58
Q

does destructive or additive increase attenuation
ex. edema, abcess, effusion, tumor

A

Additive

59
Q

for additive conditions what do you do to technique

A

increase kvp

60
Q

for destructive what do you do to the technique

A

decrease mAs

61
Q

is additive condition increased absorption or transmission

A

increased absorption

62
Q

is destructive condition increased absorption or transmission

A

increased transmission

63
Q

Destructive or additive
atelectasis

A

-collapse lung
additive

64
Q

Destructive or additive
Bronchiectasis

A

additive

65
Q

Destructive or additive
cardiomegaly

A

heart enlargement
additive

66
Q

Destructive or additive
CHF

A

additive

67
Q

Destructive or additive
empyema

A

additive

68
Q

Destructive or additive
pleural effusion

A

additive

69
Q

Destructive or additive
pneumoconiosis

A

-inhalation of dust particles
additive

70
Q

Destructive or additive
pnemonia

A

additive

71
Q

Destructive or additive
pneumoectomy

A

additive
removal of a lung

72
Q

Destructive or additive
pulmonary edema

A

blood
additive

73
Q

Destructive or additive
tuberculosis

A

additive

74
Q

Destructive or additive
Aortic aneurysm

A

additive

75
Q

Destructive or additive
ascites

A

additive

76
Q

Destructive or additive
cirrhosis

A

enlargement of liver
additive

77
Q

Destructive or additive
Acromegaly

A

additive

78
Q

Destructive or additive
Chronic osteomyelitis
hydrocephalus
osteoblastic metastases
osteochondroma
pagets disease
sclerosis

A

additive

79
Q

atrophy

A

weakness of muscles

80
Q

pagets disease

A

calcified spots

81
Q

emaciation

A

vomitting a lot

82
Q

Destructive or additive
anorexia nervosa
atrophy
emaciation

A

Destructive

83
Q

Destructive or additive
emphysema
large pneumothroax
COPD

A

Destructive
-air

84
Q

Destructive or additive
Aerophagia
bowel obstruction
ileus

A

Destructive

85
Q

aerophagia

A

swallowing air

86
Q

ileus

A

obstruction air

87
Q

Destructive or additive
Active osteomyelitis
Aseptic necrosis
carcinoma

A

Destructive

88
Q

Destructive or additive
degenerative arthritis
fibrosarcoma
gout

A

Destructive

89
Q

Destructive or additive
hyperparathyroidism
multiple myeloma
osteolytic metastases

A

Destructive

90
Q

Destructive or additive
osteomalacia
osteoporosis

A

Destructive

Radiologic Exposures (11 decks)

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