Final Review (Exams)

Question 1

Match the formed element to the best description of its function

1. Basophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Neutrophil
4. Monocyte
5. Lymphocyte

____. This is the most abundant leukocyte in blood and it responds to bacterial infections with phagocytosis.

____. Releases histamine and heparin during inflammation responses.

____. Can be a T cell that kills cells or a B cell that makes antibodies

____. Attacks large parasites like worms and is involved in allergic responses.

____. Wanders the blood using phagocytosis to destroy old cell parts and invading microbes and then matures into a macrophage.

Answer 1

3. (Neutrophil) This is the most abundant leukocyte in blood and it responds to bacterial infections with phagocytosis.
4. (Basophil) Releases histamine and heparin during inflammation responses.
5. (Lymphocyte) Can be a T cell that kills cells or a B cell that makes antibodies
6. (Eosinophil) Attacks large parasites like worms and is involved in allergic responses.
7. (Monocyte) Wanders the blood using phagocytosis to destroy old cell parts and invading microbes and then matures into a macrophage.

Question 2

James and his wife Lily get their blood test results from a regular check-up. James notices his hematocrit level is higher than Lily’s hematocrit. What is going on?

A) It’s normal for males to have a greater number of erythrocytes than females
B) It’s normal for males to have a greater number of leukocytes than females
C) James has a high leukocyte count, so he should investigate why
D) James has a high erythrocyte count, so he should investigate why

Answer 2

A) It’s normal for males to have a greater number of erythrocytes tha females

Question 3

Which one of the following statements about erythrocytes is TRUE?

A) Reticulocytes that lose their ribosomes become mature erythrocytes.
B) Mature erythrocytes undergo cell division in blood vessels to replace lost blood.
C) Erythrocytes with a biconcave shape and those with a sickle shape are equally effective at their job.

Answer 3

A) Reticulocytes that lose their ribosomes become mature erythrocytes.

Question 4

Kwashiokor is a condition resulting from malnutrition where protein levels, including albumin, are very low. Based on what you know about albumin, what could be a symptom of Kwashiokor?

A) Edema from low blood osmolarity.
B) Excessive clotting from lack of albumin.
C) Excessive bleeding from lack of albumin.
D) Symptoms of anemia from low amounts of oxygen bound to albumin

Answer 4

A) Edema from low blood osmolarity.

Question 5

George has Type AB blood, Molly has Type A blood, and Charlie has Type O blood.

For each of the following scenarios, will there be a successful transfusion or a transfusion reaction?

1. Successful transfusion!
2. Transfusion reaction

____. George receives blood from Molly.
____. Molly receives blood from Charlie.
____. Charlie receives blood from Molly.

Answer 5

1. George receives blood from Molly.
2. Molly receives blood from Charlie.
3. Charlie receives blood from Molly.

Question 6

Immunoglobulins, also called antibodies, are made by B cell lymphocytes and can agglutinate with erythrocytes during a transfusion reaction.

True
False

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Platelets are small chunks of megakaryocytes, which develop from stem cells in red bone marrow.

True
False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

In what situation can Rh factor be a risk for an unborn fetus?

Answer 8

During a second pregnancy when a mother id Rh- has been already been previously exposed to a baby who is Rh+ and the second pregnancy is also Rh+.

Question 9

You mix your blood with an antibody serum in a blood typing test kit. You see that lots of tiny clumps appear. What happened?

A) Your blood agglutinated
B) Your blood coagulated
C) You must have a deficiency in clotting factors

Answer 9

A) Your blood agglutinated

Question 10

Put the steps of hemostasis in the order that they occur.

____. Coagulation
____. Vascular spasm
____. Platelet plug formation

Answer 10

1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation

Question 11

Put these structures of the heart in the order that blood moves through them, starting from the superior and inferior vena cava.

1. Right atrium
2. Right AV (tricuspid) valve
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary artery
6. Lungs
7. Pulmonary veins
8. Left atrium
9. Left AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve
10. Left ventricle
11. Aortic semilunar valve
12. Aorta

Answer 11

1. Right atrium
2. Right AV (tricuspid) valve
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5. Pulmonary artery
6. Lungs
7. Pulmonary veins
8. Left atrium
9. Left AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve
10. Left ventricle
11. Aortic semilunar valve
12. Aorta

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the heart wall and nearby structures is true?

A) The visceral peritoneum is another name for the myocardium.
B) The epicardium is made of cardiomyocytes that contract during systole.
C) The chordae tendineae are fibrous cords that anchor atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles.
D) Fibrous connective tissue outside the heart anchors it to the liver and kidneys.

Answer 12

C) The chordae tendineae are fibrous cords that anchor atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles.

Question 13

Do the following structures contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

1. Oxygenated (high oxygen concentration)
2. Deoxygenated (low oxygen concentration)

____. Right ventricle
____. Pulmonary veins
____. Aorta
____. Left atrium
____. Coronary sinus
____. Pulmonary arteries

Answer 13

2. Right ventricle
3. Pulmonary veins
4. Aorta
5. Left atrium
6. Coronary sinus
7. Pulmonary arteries

Question 14

Specialized cells that can create their own electric signal include

A) Cardiomyocytes
B) Sinoatrial node cells
C) Erythrocytes
D) Megakaryocytes

Answer 14

B) Sinoatrial node cells

Question 15

The T wave of an electrocardiogram records electrical signals moving through the atria.

True
False

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Put the following events in order for a normal cardiac cycle starting with ventricular and atrial diastole.

____. Atrioventricular valves close
____. Pressure in the left ventricle is greater than in the aorta
____. The second heart sound, “dub” is heard
____. The P wave of an electrocardiogram is recorded.
____. Blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles

Answer 16

1. Pressure in the left ventricle is greater than in the aorta
2. Blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles
3. Atrioventricular valves close
4. The second heart sound, “dub” is heard
5. The P wave of an electrocardiogram is recorded.

Question 17

You are sitting at your computer and suddenly notice your heart is beating extremely fast. You measure your heart rate to be 105 bpm. You have

A) bradycardia
B) tachycardia
C) leukocytosis

Answer 17

B) tachycardia

Question 18

Is cardiac output expected to increase or decrease in each of the scenarios below?

1. Increase
2. Decrease

____. Nicotine acts as a positive chronotrope.
____. As you exercise, end-diastolic volume in the left ventricle increases.
____. As you relax in a lounge chair, acetylcholine causes more potassium to flow into heart nodal cells during repolarization.
____. A stressful situation triggers the sympathetic nervous system to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Answer 18

1. Nicotine acts as a positive chronotrope.
2. As you exercise, end-diastolic volume in the left ventricle increases.
3. As you relax in a lounge chair, acetylcholine causes more potassium to flow into heart nodal cells during repolarization.
4. A stressful situation triggers the sympathetic nervous system to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 19

Pregnant women produce about 300 mg/dl more fibrinogen than when they are not pregnant. Based on your knowledge of fibrinogen function, why might this be?

Answer 19

Women’s bodies are changing and growing a fetus. It makes sense that this would be available as an extra layer of protection to help better “protect” both the mother and the fetus in case she requires clotting to occur.

Question 20

Low levels of vitamin K will cause excessive clotting.

True
False

Answer 20

False

Question 21

In the fetal heart, blood passes from the right atrium directly to the left atrium. What does this mean for fetal circulation?

A) A fetus doesn’t need to send blood to its lungs.
B) A fetal heart doesn’t need to pump.
C) A fetus has no blood.

Answer 21

A) A fetus doesn’t need to send blood to its lungs.

Question 22

Cardiac muscle cells that __________________ do not pump enough blood to sustain the oxygen needs of the body.

A) are sporadically contracting on their own, without coordination,
B) communicate through gap junctions
C) are signaled to contract by nodal cells
D) are moderately stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

A) are sporadically contracting on their own, without coordination,

Question 23

High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will trigger chemoreceptors to signal

A) heart rate to increase
B) heart rate to decrease
C) heart rate to remain constant

Answer 23

A) heart rate to increase

Question 24

In one form of hemophilia, Factor VIII may be lacking. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Factor VIII is activated by the intrinsic pathway and will activate Factor X
B) Factor VIII is activated by the extrinsic pathway and will activate Factor X
C) Factor VIII is activated by the intrinsic pathway and will convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
D) Factor VIII is activated by the intrinsic pathway and will convert fibrinogen to fibrin.

Answer 24

A) Factor VIII is activated by the intrinsic pathway and will activate Factor X

Question 25

Wordbank: thrombus, embolus, fibrin, plasmin, In normal coagulation, a clot made of ______ protein strands stabilizes tissue while it heals, and then the clot is broken apart by ______ . However, sometimes a clot, or ______ eventually breaks free of the blood vessel wall, becoming an ______ that could end up blocking a tiny blood vessel in cardiac or brain tissue, causing a heart attack or stroke.

Answer 25

In normal coagulation, a clot made of ___fibrin___ protein strands stabilizes tissue while it heals, and then the clot is broken apart by ___plasmin___ . However, sometimes a clot, or ___thrombus___ eventually breaks free of the blood vessel wall, becoming an ___embolus___ that could end up blocking a tiny blood vessel in cardiac or brain tissue, causing a heart attack or stroke.

Question 26

Pick either a cardiomyocyte or a cardiac nodal cell. Describe in detail how sodium, calcium, and potassium contribute to the characteristic action potential of this one cell type.

Answer 26

Cardiomyocyte: Na⁺ (depolarization), Ca²⁺ (plateau), K⁺ (repolarization) Nodal cell: Ca²⁺ (depolarization), K⁺ (repolarization), slow Na⁺ (pacemaker potential)

Question 27

If the myocardial tissue of the left ventricle is damaged, the left ventricle may move a smaller volume of blood than the right ventricle. Over time, the difference in stroke volume between the left and right ventricles may result in fluid accumulation. Based on your knowledge of the pulmonary and systemic circuits, where would that fluid be likely to accumulate and why?

Answer 27

If the left ventricle fails, blood backs up into the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema.

Question 28

Veins have a _________ tunica media than similarly sized arteries. Thicker Thinner

Answer 28

Thinner

Question 29

Capillaries are ________ vessels where gas exchange happens. Large Tiny Thick-walled

Answer 29

Tiny

Question 30

Passage of molecules into the brain is carefully regulated by _________ capillaries lined with tight junctions. A) Sinusoidal B) Fenestrated C) Continuous

Answer 30

C) Continuous

Question 31

Categorize the following structures as part of the conducting or respiratory zone. 1. Trachea 2. Alveoli ____. Conducting zone ____. Respiratory zone

Answer 31

1. Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone

Question 32

Categorize the following structures as part of the upper or lower respiratory tract. 1. Terminal bronchioles 2. Nasopharynx ____. Upper respiratory tract ____. Lower respiratory tract

Answer 32

2. Upper respiratory tract 1. Lower respiratory tract

Question 33

What receptor in the arteries senses changes in pressure? A) Baroreceptor B) Chemoreceptor C) Thermoreceptor D) Light receptor

Answer 33

A) Baroreceptor

Question 34

Fill in the blanks using terms from this wordbank: B cells, T cells, sinusoidal, continuous, fenestrated ______ are born and mature in red bone marrow and then leave through very large gaps in ______ capillaries.

Question 35

Match the lymphatic tissue/organ with the best description. ____. Lymphatic vessels ____. Spleen ____. Lymph nodes ____. Tonsils ____. Thymus 1. Leukocytes survey the foreign materials entering through the oral and nasal cavities. 2. T cells come here to mature. 3. Leukocytes "clean" the blood of microbes in white pulp and erythrocytes are destroyed and recycled in the red pulp. 4. Fluid passes into "dead ends" of these structures and moves toward the heart. 5. Mature leukocytes travel to these bean-shaped structures and monitor and respond to foreign material in lymphatic fluid.

Question 36

You measure your blood pressure and it is 140/110. What is your systolic pressure? (respond in first blank) What is your diastolic pressure? (respond in second blank) What is your mean arterial pressure? (respond in third blank)

Answer 36

Answer for blank # 1: 140 Answer for blank # 2: 110 Answer for blank # 3: 120

Question 37

For each of the following in a systemic circuit capillary: do you expect it to end up in the blood stream or in the tissues? 1. in the blood stream 2. in the tissues ____. Oxygen ____. Carbon dioxide ____. Glucose ____. Urea (a nitrogenous waste)

Answer 37

2. Oxygen 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Glucose 1. Urea (a nitrogenous waste)

Question 38

If you have severe internal bleeding, your blood pressure would A) increase B) decrease C) stay the same

Question 39

Put the following structures in the air that air passes them during inspiration (1-4 from starting from the beginning of inspiration). ____. Trachea ____. Bronchi ____. Oropharynx ____. Vocal folds

Question 40

What breathing pattern uses primarily the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles? A) Quiet inspiration B) Quiet expiration C) Forced expiration

Answer 40

A) Quiet inspiration

Question 41

Which of the following structures creates air turbulence to help clean, humidify, and warm air entering the respiratory tract? A) Nasal conchae B) Cricoid cartilage C) Trachea D) Thyroid cartilage

Question 42

The epiglottis functions to: A) Produce sound B) Block food from entering the larynx C) Remove mucus D) Filter air

Answer 42

B) Block food from entering the larynx

Question 43

Which of the following cell types lines the nasal cavity and trachea? A) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Transitional epithelium D) Pericytes

Answer 43

A) Pseudostratified ciliated

Question 44

Which instrument is used to measure breath volumes? A) catheter B) ventilator C) spirometer D) barometer

Question 45

Fenestrated capillaries are more permeable than sinusoid capillaries. True False

Answer 45

False

Question 46

Increasing artery diameter will _________ resistance. A) Increase B) Decrease C) Not change

Answer 46

B) Decrease

Question 47

Which of the following changes will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, where oxygen is more easily released? A) High pH B) High partial pressure of CO2 C) High partial pressure of O2 D) Low 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 48

What controls your basic breathing rhythm? A) ventral respiratory group B) dorsal respiratory group C) pontine respiratory group

Answer 48

A) ventral respiratory group

Question 49

If pulmonary edema creates a thicker water layer compared to normal lungs, gas exchange will be (more/less) difficult and blood in the lung capillaries may have (higher/lower) PCO2. A) more, higher B) less, higher C) more, lower D) less, lower

Question 50

When waste products leave skeletal muscle cells in the systemic circuit, it is primarily ___________ (hydrostatic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure) that drives the movement of fluid into _________ (conducting arteries, medium veins, capillaries, distributing arteries). A) hydrostatic pressure, conducting artery B) hydrostatic pressure, medium vein C) colloid osmotic pressure, capillary D) colloid osmotic pressure, conducting arteries

Answer 50

C) colloid osmotic pressure, capillary Explanation: Colloid osmotic pressure pulls waste into capillaries for removal. Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid OUT — but waste products leave tissues when osmotic pressure pulls them into nearby capillaries.

Question 51

If the partial pressure of oxygen is higher inside a capillary than in surrounding tissues, oxygen A) Flows from blood to tissues B) Flows from tissues to blood C) Does not flow

Answer 51

A) Flows from blood to tissues

Question 52

Fill in the blanks using terms from the wordbank. Terms may be used multiples times; not all terms will be used. Wordbank: PCO2, PO2, CO2, O2, N2, H2O, more, less If you are exercising, skeletal tissue in the systemic circuit is likely to have a high ______ , which will lead to a low pH since most ______ is converted to carbonic acid and bicarbonate plus H+ for transport in the blood. When hemoglobin is in low pH conditions, it is able to release oxygen ______ easily. When hemoglobin transports ______ , it can carry 4 molecules, one attached to each heme group. When hemoglobin transports ______ , it carries these molecules on the amino acids and not on the heme groups.

Question 53

In each of the following situations, does blood flow increase or decrease? 1. increase 2. decrease ____. A local region of muscle tissue releases acidic waste products that trigger local vasodilation, which will ___________ blood flow ____. During exercise, vasoconstriction to the kidneys will _____________ blood flow. ____. When relaxing on a couch after a large meal, blood flow to the stomach will _______________

Answer 53

1. A local region of muscle tissue releases acidic waste products that trigger local vasodilation, which will ___________ blood flow 2. During exercise, vasoconstriction to the kidneys will _____________ blood flow. 1. When relaxing on a couch after a large meal, blood flow to the stomach will _______________

Question 54

In each of the following situations, does blood pressure increase or decrease? 1. increase 2. decrease ____. A bacterial toxin triggers systemic vasodilation, which will ______________ blood pressure. ____. Chemoreceptors sense high CO2 and acid and trigger systemic vasoconstriction in the systemic circuit, which will ____________ blood pressure.

Answer 54

2. A bacterial toxin triggers systemic vasodilation, which will ______________ blood pressure. 1. Chemoreceptors sense high CO2 and acid and trigger systemic vasoconstriction in the systemic circuit, which will ____________ blood pressure.

Question 55

The unusually high concentrations of red blood cells in polycythemia will increase the viscosity of blood. This increased viscosity will cause resistance to ______ (increase/decrease) and blood flow to (increase/decrease). ______ (increase/decrease).

Answer 55

High viscosity → increases resistance Which leads to decreased blood flow ✅ Resistance: Increase ✅ Blood Flow: Decrease

Question 56

The solubility of nitrogen gas increases at higher pressures. What can happen in your blood if you go scuba diving at high underwater pressures and return to the surface too quickly (decompression sickness)?

Answer 56

Nitrogen gas will form bubbles in the blood if surfacing too quickly — decompression sickness. (The nitrogen comes out of solution too fast.)

Question 57

Pick one of the following pathologies: chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), emphysema (damage to "walls" of alveoli), pulmonary fibrosis (scar tissue replacing lung tissue), or asthma (bronchiole constriction in response to a stimulus). Is the pathology you picked considered restrictive or obstructive? Why?

Answer 57

Asthma is obstructive because the brochiole constriction blocks (obstructs) oxygen

Question 58

Some of the cells in your alveoli produce surfactant. Describe the function of surfactant and what can happen if there isn't enough.

Answer 58

Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins excreted from Type 2 alveolar cells. It helps prevent alveolar collapse. If it isn't there, alveolai can collapse.

Question 59

Based on what you know about gas exchange in the lungs, what might be some symptoms of pulmonary edema, when excess fluid builds up in the alveoli?

Answer 59

Shortness of breath, low oxygen levels, difficulty breathing, coughing up frothy sputum

Question 60

Gaston goes up in a hot air balloon and keeps going higher and higher until eventually the PO2 in his alveoli is 30 mmHg. If the PO2 in Gaston's lung capillaries is 28 mmHg, what do you expect to happen? Why?

Answer 60

If alveolar PO₂ = 30 mmHg and blood capillary PO₂ = 28 mmHg, oxygen will still flow from alveoli to blood — but very slowly because the pressure gradient is so small. Gas always moves from high to low partial pressure.