Final Review

Question 1

In your own words, describe the development of self-awareness and self-concept from infancy to adolescence

Answer 1

Self-concept occurs when a child begins to make a distinction between themselves and the rest of the world

At 18 months children begin to recognize themselves in a mirror and at 2 years old they begin to pick themselves out of a photo

Self-recognition allows for self-awareness, pretend play, and use of personal pronouns

By 2-3 they learn about their sex, age, and their reference to family

By 3-4 their concepts are based on developing skills and talents

By 5-6 they compare their abilities with others (social comparison) and grasp private self-concepts (secrets and lies)

By early teens their concept shifts from concrete characteristics (appearance, possessions) to abstract characteristics (moods/opinions/beliefs)

By late teens they engage in perspective taking (objective self-awareness: seeing yourself as an object of others attention)

Question 2

Provide and example of self-schema. How are self-schemas related to self-concept?

Answer 2

A self-scheme is a knowledge structure or cognitive representation of self-concept that are build on past experiences and guide processing of information about the self

An example is that a person may have a schema of what it means to be warm and loving. This person would pay attention to certain behaviours such as evidence they are friendly, kind and compassionate

They are related to self-concept because they direct attention, organize encoding, and influence retrieval

Question 3

Shy people are introverted. True or False

Answer 3

False.

Shy people desire friendships and interactions but are held back by insecurities

Shy people have evaluation apprehension: they are apprehensive about being evaluated by others as they end to interpret social interactions negatively

Question 4

Contrast the terms possible self, ideal self, ought selves, and true self

Answer 4

Possible selves: schemata for selves in the future - who we might become, who we hope to become, or who we fear we will become

The ideal self is what individuals want themselves to be

The ought self is what they think others want them to be

The true self is when someone is engaging in authentic behaviour

Question 5

What are the 4 factors of authenticity?

Answer 5

• Awareness of strengths, weaknesses and motives
• Unbiased processing and tendency to perceive reality accurately
• Behaviours align with true emotions, values, and beliefs
• Engages in authentic relationships where they can be themselves

Question 6

Define self-esteem. What does it mean to measure self-esteem (a) simplicity and (b) explicitly?

Answer 6

Self-esteem is the general evaluation of self concept - How much do you like yourself?

Explicit self-esteem is measured by questioning the conscious feelings about themselves, whereas implicit self-esteem studies unconscious feelings

You can study implicit SE by using an association task - how quickly to people associate positive and negative words to themselves?

Question 7

How would major failure in one area of someones life impact an individual with (a) high SE and (b) low SE

Answer 7

High SE - People would focus on their successes in other areas of their life

Low SE - Generlaize their failure and give up in other areas of their lives

Question 8

Discuss three common myths regarding SE. Discuss a more accurate summary of research for each

Answer 8

1. High SE promotes success in school
2. High SE promotes more success on the job
3. High SE makes a person likeable

SE refers to subjective self-perspectives. Although it may motivate someone to try harder, not give up, or talk to more people it doesn’t correlate with the objective reality of being smarter or better at your job, or even nicer.

Question 9

Are people with low SE more likely to protect themselves or enhance themselves? Explain the mechanisms they use to do this.

Answer 9

They find not failing more important - they protect their self-concept and/or egos by using:

Defensive pessimism: A person expects themselves to do poorly to lessen the impact of failure if it occurs

Self-handicapping: A person deliberately does the think that increases the probability of failure

Question 10

Define social identity, and explain the key features. Why is social identity so important?

Answer 10

Social identity is how we present ourselves to others are has two key components:

Continuity - people can count on you to be the same person tomorrow as you are today

Contrast: your social identity differentiates you for others, makes you unique in the eyes of others

Social identity is important because if people do not have an identity that feels authentic they experience an identity crisis

Question 11

Name and define two types of identity crises.

Answer 11

1. Identity deficit - They have not formed an adequate identity and thus have difficult making major decisions due to a lack of inner foundation
2. Identity conflict - they have an incomparability between two or more aspects of identity which occurs when people make major life decisions

Question 12

How do people develop their identity?

Answer 12

1. Experimenting with different identities (often occurs in teen-young adulthood)
2. Adopting a ready-made role (arranged marriage, taking over parents business)

Question 13

Describe 3 specific ways in which personality traits influence selection processes in relationships, from partner selection to relationship satisfaction and dissolution.

Answer 13

People select mates or partners that have similar personality traits to themselves, known as assorative mating

People who select individuals that are high on agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness and intellect-openness are more satisfied in the relationships regardless of their ideal traits

People who select individuals who are low in dependability or emotional stability risk divorce and people who fail to find a mate who is similar tend to selectively break up more often

Question 14

How is shyness associated with the selection of risky situations?

Answer 14

Shy individuals tend to avoid risky situations but their isolation (avoiding Drs or contraception conversations) puts them paradoxically in potentially risky situations

Question 15

When searching a mate what is the most desirable characteristics?

Answer 15

Love, dependable character and emotional stability

Question 16

Define the hostile attribution bias and compare it to the concept of expectancy confirmation.

Answer 16

Hostile attribution bias is the tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of ambiguous behaviour - they then treat people in an aggressive manner which elicits aggression in others

Expectancy confirmation is a phenonomen whereby peoples beliefs about the personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others action that are consistent with their initial beliefs

These are similar in that hostile attribution causes expectancy confirmation. However, expectancy confirmation accounts for a larger amount of behaviours besides just aggression/hostility.

Question 17

Describe 2 ways that personality can evoke conflict in relationship. Provide an example of each.

Answer 17

1. A person can perform actions that cause an emotional response in a partner
   Ex. A husband high in dominance upsets their wives by being condescending
2. A person elicits actions from another that in turn upsets the original elicitor
   Ex. Condescending behaviour causes a wife to be upset and threatens to leave - the treat to leave upsets the husband further

Question 18

How are the traits of dominance and agreeableness specifically associated with manipulation tactics?

Answer 18

Highly dominant people use coercion and responsibility invocation to get their way

Less dominant people use self-abasement or hardball tactics

Highly agreeable people use pleasure induction and reason

Less agreeable people use coercion, and silent treatment

Question 19

How are the traits of conscientiousness and openness specifically associated with manipulation tactics?

Answer 19

Conscientious people use reason to get what they want

Low conscientious people are likely to use criminal strategies (regression tactic)

People high in openness use reason, pleasure induction, responsibility innovation

People low in openness use social comparison

Question 20

Define Machiavellianism and summarize the manipulative strategies associated with this dark trait

Answer 20

Machiavellianism is the personality style that uses other people as tools for personal gain. They are untethered by rules that restrict exploiting others, they evoke anger from others

They are likely to use exploitive manipulation such as coercion, hardball, reciprocity, social comparison, monetary reward, and even charm all for personal gain

Question 21

Summarize the ways in which high narcissism is associated with various forms of social interactions

Answer 21

Narcissistic people have an inflated self-admiration and attempt to draw constant attention to themselves. They affect their social interactions by:

• select/associate with people who admire them
• evocation: exhibitionism splits people - some view them as brilliant and entertaining and others as selfish and boorish
• manipulate others - highly exploitive of others, coercive, and aggressive

Question 22

Why has narcissism seen a steady increase?

Answer 22

There has been an increase of ‘me-centered’ blogging and social networking websites since 1982

Question 23

What are some of the concerns surrounding the scientific study of sex differences?

Answer 23

Arguments against sex-differences:

• Findings might be used to support political agendas
• Findings may reflect gender stereotypes not real differences
• Findings reflect biases not objective reality

Arguments against sex-differences:
- Social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences

Question 24

Compare the minimalist and maximalist views on sex differences

Answer 24

Minimalists describe sex differences as small and inconsequential (we are all one)

• Most effect sizes are small and even when they are big there is considerable overlap
• Differences that do exist do not have practical importance

Maximalists argue that the size of sex differences should not be trivialized

• Magnitude of sex differences are similar to other effects in psychology
• Small effects have have important consequences

Question 25

Interpret this finding:

Smiles more often (d= -0.60)

Explain your interpretation

Answer 25

Women smile more often. -0.6 is considered a moderate effect size.

A negative d score indicates that women score higher than men.

Effect sizes: .20 = small, .50 = moderate and .80 = large

Question 26

Summarize the research findings of sex differences associated with the five-factor model. Which traits show the greatest sex differences?

Answer 26

1. Extraversion - moderate difference favouring women
2. Agreeableness - small difference favouring women
3. Conscientiousness - small differences favouring women
4. Openness - little meaningful sex difference
5. Neuroticism - small-moderate difference favouring women

Question 27

Define masculinity, femininity, and androgyny. How are these terms understood by psychologists today?

Answer 27

The masculinity dimension contained items reflecting assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, and instrumentaity

The femininity dimensions contained items that reflected nurturance, expression of emotions, and empathy

Androgyny was when people scored high on both dimensions.

Recent research indicates that femininity and masculinity are not independent - people do not typically score high on both dimensions - people who score high in masculinity tend to score low in femininity

Androgyny was likely measuring personality traits of instrumentality and expressiveness

Question 28

What are gender stereotypes? Describe how they can result in negative consequences of people

Answer 28

Gender stereotypes have 3 components:

• cognitive: deals with the way in which we form social categories
• Affective - impacts how you feel towards someone because of their social category
• behavioural - behave in a certain way because of their category

Can result in prejudiced behaviour and discrimination that occurs in legal decisions, medical treatment, car purchases, job hunting, and basically all aspects of life

Question 29

Contrast hostile sexism and toxic masculinity

Answer 29

Hostile sexism is discrimination that is based on the stereotype that women are inferior to men

Toxic masculinity is when one uses social dominance, physical and emotional toughness to announce their superiority over women

Question 30

Define socialization theory. What two specific variants of socialization theory have even offered to explain sex differences?

Answer 30

Socialization theory is the notion that boys and girls become difference because boys are reinforced by others for being masculine and girls for being feminine

Two specific variants:
- Social learning theory: boys and girls learn by observing others their own sex

• Social-role theory: sex differences originate because women and men are distributed into different occupational and family roles

Question 31

Define and contrast the insights offered by hormonal and evolutionary theories of sex differences

Answer 31

Hormonal - argue that men and women differ not because of their external environment, but rather due to underlying hormones

• after puberty, little overlap in levels of testosterone (men having 10x more)
• testosterone levels linked with traditional sex differences (aggression, dominance, career choice, sexual desire)

Evolutionary - sexes are predicted to be similar in all domains in which they have faced similar adaptive problems
- Research supports many predicted sex differences, especially in sexuality

Question 32

Explain and contrast the 5 different models of the personality-illness connection regarding stress

Answer 32

1. Interaction model: objective events happen to people but personality factors determine the impact of those events by influencing peoples ability to cope
   - Personality moderates (influences) coping which influences degree, duration, and frequency of a stressful event
2. Transactional model influences: (1) coping, (2) how a person appraises/interprets an event and (3) events themselves - people create situations through choices and actions
3. Health behaviour model: Adds onto the transactional model by arguing personality also influences the degree to which a person engages in various health promotion or degrading behaviours
4. Predispositional model: holds that personality and illness are are both expressions of underlying predisposition
5. Illness behaviour model: Personality influences the degree to which a person interprets and labels their bodily sensations as an illness

Question 33

Name and describe 4 different varieties of stress.

Answer 33

1. Acute stress - sudden onset of demands (stuck in traffic on the way to an interview)
2. Episodic acute stress - repeated episodes of acute stress (constantly running into traffic making you late frequently)
3. Traumatic stress - massive instance of acute stress (childhood abuse)
4. Chronic stress - stress that does not end and grinds us down until our resistance is done (Single-mother not being able to provide for her family)

Question 34

What two cognitive events account for many of the individual differences in how people interpret potentially stressful situations?

Answer 34

1. Primary appraisal - involves the perception that the event is a threat to ones personal goals
2. Secondary appraisal - involves the determination that one does not have the resources to cope with the demands of the event

If either are absent, the person does not experience stress

Question 35

What are the 3 stages in the Gender Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Answer 35

1. Alarm stage: fight or flight response
2. Resistance stage: body uses resources at an above average rate, even though fight-or-flight has subsided
3. Exhaustion: physiological resources are depleted and the individual is susceptible to illness

Question 36

What are the 3 attributes that lead to an event being stressful?

Answer 36

1. produce a state of feeling overwhelmed or overloaded
2. produce opposite tendencies in us, such as wanting and not wanting to do something
3. perceived uncontrollable

Question 37

What three coping mechanisms are capable of generating positive emotion during stress ? Why are positive emotions beneficial during stress?

Answer 37

1. Positive appraisal - person focuses on the good in what is happening
2. Problem-focused coping - using thoughts and behaviours to manage or solve an underlying cause of stress
3. Creating positive events - creating a positive time-out from stress

Positive emotions were predicted to: sustain coping efforts, provide a break, and give people time and opportunity to restore depleted resources. All leading to a lowered impact on health

Question 38

How would you describe a ‘hardy’ personality? What is the association between reliance and the Big 5 traits?

Answer 38

People with hardy personalities are better able to ‘resist’ the negative effects of stress and cope more effectively over time. They are thought to have control, commitment, and challenge

Resilience is found in people with emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness

Question 39

How does optimism impact coping?

Answer 39

People with dispositional optimism have the expectation that good events will be plentiful and bad events will be rare

Optimism has been shown to predict good subjective health, physical health, recovery time, immune functioning, and longer life expectancy

Question 40

Define Type A personality. Which aspect of Type A is most associated with cardiovascular disease?

Answer 40

Type A is the collection of 3 sub-traits: competitive achievement motivation, time urgency, and hostility

Hostility is associated with cardiovascular disease

Question 41

In contrast to Type A, what is Type D personality?

Answer 41

Type D people are distressed and have negative affectivity and social inhibition

They are also linked to cardiovascular disease because the increase in cortisol can inflame the arteries, leading to buildup

Question 42

What is the difference between a categorical view and a dimensional view of mental disorders?

Answer 42

Categorical: you have it or you don’t

Dimensional: personality occurs on a spectrum
- Distinctions are in terms of extremity, rigidity, maladaptiveness

Currently categorical model is dominant

Question 43

What is a personality disorder? List the key general criteria as outline in the DSM-5

Answer 43

A personality disorder is an enduring patter of experience ad behaviour that differs greatly from the expectations of others

The general criteria are:

1. pattern is inflexible and pervasive across personal and social situations
2. the ensuring patter leads to clinical distress
3. pattern is stable and of long duration
4. pattern cannot be explained by another disorder
5. pattern is not due to effects of a substance or medical condition

Question 44

Summarize the main features of the three clusters of personality disorders. Within each cluster, what are some of the common traits of the disorders?

Answer 44

Cluster A: Eccentric (Ways of being different)

• Contains traits that combine to make people 1) ill at ease socially and 2) appear/act in highly abnrmal ways
• Personality disorders include schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid personality disorder

Cluster B: Erratic (unstable and emotional)

• People appear erratic, emotional, and have difficulties getting along with others
• personality disorders include: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic disorders

Cluster C: Anxious (fearful and distressed)

• Geared towards avoiding anxiety
• Persons appear anxious, apprehensive, and have trouble with social relationships
• Disorders include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 45

Compare and contrast (a) schizoid and schizotypal disorders; (b) dependent and avoidant disorders

Answer 45

(a) Schizoid are isolated and detached from social relationships and like space from others. They have no desire for connections with others and are unbothered by others, and may appear inept or socially clumsy

Schizotypal are odd and have peculiar thoughts - they are uncomfortable and anxious in social situations and are highly suspicious of others and are likely to believe in superstitions or ESP

(b) dependent people have the excessive need to be taken care of, they are submissive, and constantly seeking reassurance from others

avoidant people feel inadequate and are sensitive to criticism, they restrict activities to avoid embarrassment

Question 46

What is antisocial personality disorder? How is it similar to, and different from psychopathy?

Answer 46

Antisocial people have a general disregard for others and care very little about rights, feelings, or happiness of others

They must be 18 yrs old, have had conduct disorder during childhood (before age 15), and occurrence must be enduring

Psychopaths meet the criteria for antisocial PD but not all people with antisocial PD meet the criteria for psychopathy

Question 47

How prevalent are personality disorders overall? why is it important consider comorbidity when answering this question?

Answer 47

The total prevalence for having at least one PD is 15%

25-50% of people diagnosed with at least one disorder will also meet the criteria for another disorder

Question 48

How should issues related to gender be considered in the diagnosis of personality disorders?

Answer 48

Clinicians need to be aware of how stereotypes affect the ways they diagnose their clients as gender stereotypes may make it harder for genders to be associated with certain traits

Question 49

How would you summarize the likely causes of personality disorders? Use BPD and APD as examples

Answer 49

BPD experience poor relationships as children, are likely targets of sexual abuse, and grew up in homes with exposure to impulsive adults

APD are likely abused and victimized as children and also abuse multiple illegal drugs. there also appears to have a genetic trend

Some PD are acquired genetically which make them more susceptible to negative manifestations. Whereas others are learned socially

Question 50

Self-concept, self-esteem, and ______, make up the three main components of the self.

a) Society
b) Social awareness
c) Social identity
d) Self-appreciation

Answer 50

C

Question 51

Dr. Williams is a psychologist and has an 18-month old daughter named Anna. Dr. Williams wants to test Anna’s self-concept development so she draws a mark on Anna’s face and puts her in front of a mirror to see if she will try to touch or remove it. Anna does try to remove the mark, acknowledging that she is seeing her own reflection in the mirror. This method is referred to as _____ and is used for determining the development of _______.

a) Cognitive; infants
b) The mirror recognition test; self-awareness
c) The reflection test; self-esteem
d) The reflection test; social awareness

Answer 51

B

Question 52

Gemma believes herself to be a very friendly and outgoing person. She visualizes herself as warm and loving towards others, and enjoys being told that she is friendly, compassionate and pleasant to be around. This visualization of herself is known as a _______, and it influences the kind of information Gemma pays attention to about herself and how she makes sense of the past and organizes information.

a) Self-schema
b) Self-awareness
c) Cognitive impersonation
d) Cognition

Answer 52

A

Question 53

Jess want to finish her degree in psychology and go on to graduate studies to become a clinical psychologist. She wants to be a self-efficient and successful career woman. Based on psychologist Tory Higgins, this best describes which of the following?

a) Ought self
b) New-self
c) Self-actualized
d) Ideal self

Answer 53

D

Question 54

Brahim has recently begun dating again after a divorce. He is a lawyer who works long hours and has a very dominant personality. He is looking for a partner that loves to cook, because he does not have much time, and someone who is less dominant so that he can maintain control in the relationship. According to research on mating, which theory best depicts this scenario?

a) Complementary needs theory
b) Evolutionary theory
c) Right match theory
d) Opposite needs theory

Answer 54

A

Question 55

Ryan is outgoing, spends most of his time doing social activities, and loves discussing politics and issues going on in the world. He is seeking a mate that is also social and interested in world issues. He thinks the more similar his mate is, the better relationship they will have. This best depicts which phenomenon in mate selection?

a) Complimentary needs theory
b) Opposite needs theory
c) Congruency theory
d) Attraction similarity theory

Answer 55

D

Question 56

According to the violation of desire theory, breakups should occur more often when one’s desires are _______ than when they are ________.

a) Accepted; Rejected
b) Fulfilled; Violated
c) Violated; Fulfilled
d) Ignored; Accepted

Answer 56

C

Question 57

Dr. Spence ran statistics on his experiment looking at if males or females can throw a baseball farther. The d is 2.00, meaning…

a) There is a significant difference between the sexes; by two standard deviations
b) There is a very small difference between the sexes
c) This d shows no statistical significance

Answer 57

A

Question 58

One of the largest meta-analysis studies examining sex differences in temperament in children between the ages of 3 and 13, and another more recent study, found that ______ and ______showed the largest sex differences.

a) Ambition; Playfulness
b) Inhibitory control; Impulsivity
c) Annoyance; Disorganization
d) None of the above

Answer 58

B

Question 59

The interactional model suggests that objective events happen to people, but _______ determines the impact of those events by influencing people’s ability to cope.

a) Personality factors
b) Dispositions
c) Cognitive factors
d) Stress

Answer 59

A

Question 60

Mike is nearing the day of his final exam. He is very stressed and is finding it harder to focus, is constantly fatigued from trying to keep up with lectures, studying, and his job. The level of stress has potentially contributed to the recent development of an ulcer and other more minor physical conditions. According to the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), this depicts which stage?

a) Alarm
b) Exhaustion
c) Alert
d) Resistance

Answer 60

B

Question 61

Krista is remaining positive in her outlook on the final exam and her future after she graduates. She believes that good things will happen for her if she works hard. She knows that there will be more good things in her life than potentially negative things. Krista’s views best show…

a) Dispositional optimism
b) Dispositional positivity
c) General optimism
d) None of the above

Answer 61

A

Question 62

According to Widiger (1997), disorders are _________ and combinations of normal-range personality traits. This view of disorders as non-categorical but rather more on a spectrum, is based on a _____ model of personality disorders.

a) Stable; Evolutionary
b) Unstable; Cognitive
c) Maladaptive variants; Dimensional
d) Constantly Changing; Positivist

Answer 62

C

Question 63

Ted does not care much for other people’s feelings or their happiness. He gets easily irritated and engages in reckless behaviour. He can be very superficially charming, but he never really cares about others. Ted exemplifies…

a) Schizophrenia
b) Histrionic personality disorder
c) Annoyance
d) Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 63

D

Question 64

A _________ is an enduring pattern of experience and behaviour that differs greatly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.

a) Schema
b) Trauma
c) Negative affect
d) Personality disorder

Answer 64

D

Question 65

What is true about high self esteem or low self esteem individuals?

a) Both types of people respond similarly to failure.
b) People with high self esteem fear failure more than low self esteem individuals.
c) Low self esteem individuals find success fits their self concept better than failure.
d) High self esteem individuals are better at accepting failure and moving on to new tasks where the probability of failure is lower.
e) Low self esteem individuals try to avoid failure.

Answer 65

E

Question 66

Identity deficit is…

a) … when the individual’s identity is superficial or shallow in nature.
b) … what occurs when old beliefs and ideas are rejected, and new ones are needed to redefine the individual’s identity.
c) … what happens when the individual has an identity that is not valued by their society, resulting in lower social currency.
d) … when the individual’s identity is not totally self generated, but is primarily adopted from parental or cultural expectations.

Answer 66

B

Question 67

What is the most true statement about sex differences in desired relationship characteristics?

a) Males and females are very different in terms of their most important desired relationship characteristics.
b) Chastity of the female is very important to males on average.
c) Males and females are fairly similar in terms of their most important desired relationship characteristics
d) The male having good looks is very important to females on average.
e) A and B.

Answer 67

C

Question 68

Someone which a Machiavellian personality is most likely to say…

a) The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear.
b) Honesty is the best policy.
c) It is important to be careful when trusting others.
d) Most people who get ahead in the world lead clean, moral lives.
e) A and C.

Answer 68

A

Question 69

What is the difference between a maximalist and minimalist position in regards to sex differences?

a) Minimalists believe that sex differences are consequential for peoples lives, but there is still a lot of overlap between men and women at the group level.
b) Maximalists believe that there are large sex differences on the individual level, but these differences have little to no impact on the group level.
c) Minimalists emphasize the small magnitude of effect in sex differences findings, and are more likely to view them as inconsequential.
d) Maximalists believe that while all sex differences are small in magnitude of effect, on the group level these make big differences in the two populations.
e) C and D.

Answer 69

C

Question 70

What person would likely be labelled as androgynous, using a scale that measures masculinity and femininity?

a) Someone who scores high on either masculinity, or femininity.
b) Someone who scores low on masculinity and femininity.
c) Someone who scores moderately on both masculinity and femininity.
d) Someone who has a low score on both masculinity and femininity.
e) Someone who scores high on both masculinity and femininity.

Answer 70

E

Question 71

In the context of statistical models, what is mediation?

a) When one variable directly influences another variable.
b) When one variable influences another variable through a third variable.
c) When a third variable influences the direction of the relationship between two other variables.
d) When the relationship between two variables influences a third variable.
e) None of the above.

Answer 71

B

Question 72

Which of the following in an example of an episodic acute stressor?

a) Weekly assignments for a course.
b) A daily commute to work.
c) A car accident.
d) Diabetes.
e) Death of a close friend.

Answer 72

A

Question 73

Tim is generally suspicious of others. He tends to avoid people, and is very non conforming in his habits. He has many eccentric beliefs, and sometimes suffers from hallucinations and other unusual experiences. What personality disorder is Tim most likely to have?

a) Paranoid personality disorder.
b) Histrionic personality disorder,
c) Schizotypal personality disorder.
d) Antisocial personality disorder.
e) Borderline personality disorder.

Answer 73

C

Question 74

What is most likely to be true about the distribution of personality disorders in the population?

a) Obsessive-compulsive disorder may be the most common.
b) Narcissistic personality disorder is likely the least common.
c) The prevalence rates for personality disorders are very different between men and women.
d) Almost 40% of the population has a personality disorder of one kind or another.
e) A and B.

Answer 74

A