Final Review Flashcards
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbs, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acid
What macromolecule is in the cell membrane?
Lipid
Which one contains double bonds-saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
Lipids
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent- atoms share electrons
Ionic- attraction of opposites (+ -)
What are the building blocks if proteins?
amino acids
What are the buildings blocks of carbs?
Monosaccarides
Where is hereditary information stored?
DNA - Nucleus
How are polymers of carbs and proteins made?
dehydration
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar AND hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
Polar and Hydrophilic - like water
Nonpolar and Hydrophobic - hate water
What is the function of proteins?
creates enzymes/ muscles & bones
What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
Mono - one sugar building block
Di - two bonded monosaccharides
Poly - chain of monosaccharides
Enzymes are examples of which macromolecule?
Protein
Why are viruses classified as nonliving?
They need a host to live
Name three different viruses?
Influenza, rhino, hepatitis
Name three different bacteria?
small pox, salmonella, chicken pox
What is a capsid?
A protective protein coat
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cells?
Lytic - kills host cell
Lysogenic - uses virus
What is a pathogen?
A disease causing agent
How is HIV transmitted?
Blood, semen, breast milk
Our chromosomes are organized into helixes, how are bacteria’s chromosomes arranged?
Circular
Whats the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative?
Positive - retain gram stains / purple
Negative - Do not retain gram stains / pink
What are some structures that are found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria cells?
ER, Nucleus, Vacuole, Golgi
What are the three different shapes of bacteria and their names?
Round- Coccus
Bacillus - Rod
Spirillum - Spiral
What organelles do animal and bacterial cells have in common?
RIBOSOMES, cytoplasm, membrane
What are pili?
small hairs on bacteria cells that adhere to other bacteria
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?
Viruses dont have the parts that antibiotics target.
What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do?
Convert nitrogen from the environment for use by plants and organisms
What is transformation?
When cells pick up genes from the environment
What is transduction?
when viruses use bacteria as a host
What is conjugation?
the direct transfer of DNA between two cells
What is binary fission?
When a cell multiplies. one to two
Would you want cells to be large or small and why?
small so it has more surface area
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
TRANSPORTS - packages macromolecules to move them somewhere else in the cell.
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Energy Maker
Whats the function of the Cell Membrane?
Allows certain things in and out of the cell
Whats the function of ribosomes?
To make protein
What’s the function of Chloroplasts?
Energy maker/converter from the sun into energy
what’s the function of the vacuole?
Stores water/waste
Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes
Which way does the movement of substance go in diffusion? (low to high or high to low)
High to Low
Is Osmosis passive or active?
Passive
Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?
Passive
Is the Na/K pump passive or active?
Active
Is Endocytosis passive or active?
Active
What process would be used if the molecule was too big to go through the membrane?
Na/K pump
What does ATP do for the cell?
Gives it energy/power
What is the difference between hypotonic and hypertonic? and what happens to the cell in each?
Hypo- less water- expands
Hyper- more water- shrivels
What is photosynthesis?
When plants use sunlight to make food
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC
What is fermentation?
when lactic acid is created
What are the products of cellular respiration?
36 ATP, H2O, 6CO2
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
What occurs in photosynthesis?
Light energy is converted into chemical energy
What is the magnification of each of the microscope lenses
Small 10 x 10
Med 25 x 10
Large 65 x 10
How did the finches and other animals of the Galapagos Islands get there?
Natural Selection
What is the beak shape of the finches affected by?
The food thats available
How old is Earth estimated to be?
4.6 billion years old
True of False: Humans descended from chimpanzees. Explain.
False; Humans and chimpanzees are Homologous.
What is a species?
A group that has common characteristics/qualities.
What gas was not present in large amounts in the early atmosphere of Earth?
Oxygen
What is a theory?
A contemplative/rational type of thinking intended to help explain something
What type of rocks are fossils found in?
Sedimentary Rock
Why is it suggested that Australia has so many marsupial animals?
Australia’a isolation from South America isolated the marsupials with it.
What does homologous mean and give an example.
Having the same origin, but for example the same bones but a different use/purpose.
What is a vestigial structure and give an example.
An un-needed body part; human appenxix, leg bones in whales
What is natural selection?
The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Does natural selection need variation? Explain.
Yes because if there was no variation (mutation) in the population, there would be no better adapted individuals and no change.
Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Charles Darwin
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
That the outer rigid layer of the Earth is divided into plates that move around Earth’s surface.
What is Pangea?
The hypothetical supercontinent that had all continents joined in one.
How many division do mitosis and meiosis have?
Mitosis - one division from one to two
Meiosis - two division from one to two, and two to four.
What is independent assortment?
The random assortment of chromosomes during the production of gametes
What is crossing over?
exchanging genetic material (think black and white crossed worms)
What is cytokinesis?
Division of cells at the end of mitosis
Who is the “father” of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What is a mutation?
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
What is a phenotype?
Specific physical traits.
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous and how do you show that with letters?
Heterozygous - Two different alleles (Tt, Bb)
Homozygous - two identical alleles (TT, tt)
If a trait is sex-linked, is it more common in males or females?
Males
What does a nucleotide consist of?
Phosphate Group, Sugar, Nitrogen BASE
What did Watson and Crick do?
They determined and published the shape of the DNA molecule.
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA is single stranded, DNA double
What is a codon?
Sequence of three nucleotides
What are the names of the three types of RNA ?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What is DNA fingerprinting and why is it used at criminal investigations?
Analyzing DNA to identify people. Criminals can be identified through fingerprints.
In RNA C goes to ___ and A goes to ___.
G, U
Describe the structure of DNA - include the number of strands, the three parts of a nucleotide, the type of bond that holds nucleotides together.
Double stranded, sugar phosphate backbone, hydrogen bonds, AT CG
What is the difference between density dependent and density independent factors and give an example of each.
Density dependent factors are factors that depend on the population (density). Ex: Food, water, space.
Density independent factors are factors that the population (density) depend on. Ex: Weather, natural disasters, random occurrences.
What is a trophic level?
The energy level of an organism in the food chain.
What is ecology?
The study or organisms and their environments.
Give three examples of abiotic factors.
Weather, water, rocks, soil.
What is carrying capacity?
The number of animals a region can support.
What is the function of the digestive system?
To absorb nutrients
What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart called?
Upper - right/left atrium
Lower - right/left ventricle
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give examples.
Autotroph - makes its own food/nutrients
Heterotroph - get nutrients through digestion
