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CP Biology - 9 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbs, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What macromolecule is in the cell membrane?

A

Lipid

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3
Q

Which one contains double bonds-saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Lipids

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4
Q

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A

Covalent- atoms share electrons

Ionic- attraction of opposites (+ -)

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5
Q

What are the building blocks if proteins?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

What are the buildings blocks of carbs?

A

Monosaccarides

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7
Q

Where is hereditary information stored?

A

DNA - Nucleus

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8
Q

How are polymers of carbs and proteins made?

A

dehydration

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9
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar AND hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Polar and Hydrophilic - like water

Nonpolar and Hydrophobic - hate water

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10
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

creates enzymes/ muscles & bones

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11
Q

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

A

Mono - one sugar building block
Di - two bonded monosaccharides
Poly - chain of monosaccharides

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12
Q

Enzymes are examples of which macromolecule?

A

Protein

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13
Q

Why are viruses classified as nonliving?

A

They need a host to live

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14
Q

Name three different viruses?

A

Influenza, rhino, hepatitis

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15
Q

Name three different bacteria?

A

small pox, salmonella, chicken pox

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16
Q

What is a capsid?

A

A protective protein coat

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17
Q

What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cells?

A

Lytic - kills host cell

Lysogenic - uses virus

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18
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing agent

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19
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Blood, semen, breast milk

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20
Q

Our chromosomes are organized into helixes, how are bacteria’s chromosomes arranged?

A

Circular

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21
Q

Whats the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative?

A

Positive - retain gram stains / purple

Negative - Do not retain gram stains / pink

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22
Q

What are some structures that are found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria cells?

A

ER, Nucleus, Vacuole, Golgi

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23
Q

What are the three different shapes of bacteria and their names?

A

Round- Coccus
Bacillus - Rod
Spirillum - Spiral

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24
Q

What organelles do animal and bacterial cells have in common?

A

RIBOSOMES, cytoplasm, membrane

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25
Q

What are pili?

A

small hairs on bacteria cells that adhere to other bacteria

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26
Q

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A

Viruses dont have the parts that antibiotics target.

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27
Q

What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do?

A

Convert nitrogen from the environment for use by plants and organisms

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28
Q

What is transformation?

A

When cells pick up genes from the environment

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29
Q

What is transduction?

A

when viruses use bacteria as a host

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30
Q

What is conjugation?

A

the direct transfer of DNA between two cells

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31
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When a cell multiplies. one to two

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32
Q

Would you want cells to be large or small and why?

A

small so it has more surface area

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33
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

TRANSPORTS - packages macromolecules to move them somewhere else in the cell.

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34
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Energy Maker

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35
Q

Whats the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

Allows certain things in and out of the cell

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36
Q

Whats the function of ribosomes?

A

To make protein

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37
Q

What’s the function of Chloroplasts?

A

Energy maker/converter from the sun into energy

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38
Q

what’s the function of the vacuole?

A

Stores water/waste

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39
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

Which way does the movement of substance go in diffusion? (low to high or high to low)

A

High to Low

41
Q

Is Osmosis passive or active?

A

Passive

42
Q

Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?

A

Passive

43
Q

Is the Na/K pump passive or active?

A

Active

44
Q

Is Endocytosis passive or active?

A

Active

45
Q

What process would be used if the molecule was too big to go through the membrane?

A

Na/K pump

46
Q

What does ATP do for the cell?

A

Gives it energy/power

47
Q

What is the difference between hypotonic and hypertonic? and what happens to the cell in each?

A

Hypo- less water- expands

Hyper- more water- shrivels

48
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

When plants use sunlight to make food

49
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC

50
Q

What is fermentation?

A

when lactic acid is created

51
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP, H2O, 6CO2

52
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

53
Q

What occurs in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is converted into chemical energy

54
Q

What is the magnification of each of the microscope lenses

A

Small 10 x 10
Med 25 x 10
Large 65 x 10

55
Q

How did the finches and other animals of the Galapagos Islands get there?

A

Natural Selection

56
Q

What is the beak shape of the finches affected by?

A

The food thats available

57
Q

How old is Earth estimated to be?

A

4.6 billion years old

58
Q

True of False: Humans descended from chimpanzees. Explain.

A

False; Humans and chimpanzees are Homologous.

59
Q

What is a species?

A

A group that has common characteristics/qualities.

60
Q

What gas was not present in large amounts in the early atmosphere of Earth?

A

Oxygen

61
Q

What is a theory?

A

A contemplative/rational type of thinking intended to help explain something

62
Q

What type of rocks are fossils found in?

A

Sedimentary Rock

63
Q

Why is it suggested that Australia has so many marsupial animals?

A

Australia’a isolation from South America isolated the marsupials with it.

64
Q

What does homologous mean and give an example.

A

Having the same origin, but for example the same bones but a different use/purpose.

65
Q

What is a vestigial structure and give an example.

A

An un-needed body part; human appenxix, leg bones in whales

66
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

67
Q

Does natural selection need variation? Explain.

A

Yes because if there was no variation (mutation) in the population, there would be no better adapted individuals and no change.

68
Q

Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

69
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

That the outer rigid layer of the Earth is divided into plates that move around Earth’s surface.

70
Q

What is Pangea?

A

The hypothetical supercontinent that had all continents joined in one.

71
Q

How many division do mitosis and meiosis have?

A

Mitosis - one division from one to two

Meiosis - two division from one to two, and two to four.

72
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

The random assortment of chromosomes during the production of gametes

73
Q

What is crossing over?

A

exchanging genetic material (think black and white crossed worms)

74
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cells at the end of mitosis

75
Q

Who is the “father” of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

76
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

77
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Specific physical traits.

78
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous and how do you show that with letters?

A

Heterozygous - Two different alleles (Tt, Bb)

Homozygous - two identical alleles (TT, tt)

79
Q

If a trait is sex-linked, is it more common in males or females?

A

Males

80
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

Phosphate Group, Sugar, Nitrogen BASE

81
Q

What did Watson and Crick do?

A

They determined and published the shape of the DNA molecule.

82
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

RNA is single stranded, DNA double

83
Q

What is a codon?

A

Sequence of three nucleotides

84
Q

What are the names of the three types of RNA ?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

85
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting and why is it used at criminal investigations?

A

Analyzing DNA to identify people. Criminals can be identified through fingerprints.

86
Q

In RNA C goes to ___ and A goes to ___.

A

G, U

87
Q

Describe the structure of DNA - include the number of strands, the three parts of a nucleotide, the type of bond that holds nucleotides together.

A

Double stranded, sugar phosphate backbone, hydrogen bonds, AT CG

88
Q

What is the difference between density dependent and density independent factors and give an example of each.

A

Density dependent factors are factors that depend on the population (density). Ex: Food, water, space.

Density independent factors are factors that the population (density) depend on. Ex: Weather, natural disasters, random occurrences.

89
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

The energy level of an organism in the food chain.

90
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study or organisms and their environments.

91
Q

Give three examples of abiotic factors.

A

Weather, water, rocks, soil.

92
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The number of animals a region can support.

93
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To absorb nutrients

94
Q

What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Upper - right/left atrium

Lower - right/left ventricle

95
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs and give examples.

A

Autotroph - makes its own food/nutrients

Heterotroph - get nutrients through digestion

CP Biology - 9 (3 decks)

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