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Psychology 105 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Prejudice

A

Means to “pre-judge” and refers to the snap judgements we make with limited information

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2
Q

Stereotypes

A

A stereotype is our belief about members of a particular group. Usually goes hand in hand with prejudice

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3
Q

Discrimination

A

The actions that follow thoughts of prejudice and stereotyping. Treating people more negatively based on what group the belong to

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4
Q

In-group Bias

A

When we perceive those in our in-group to be better or more preferred than people who are different from us

  • We perceive those in our in-group to be more similar to us for no reason
  • More likely to cooperate with those in our in-group
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5
Q

Out-group Homogeneity

A

Leads us to perceive people in the out-group as being the same with little/no differences

  • Strengthen stereotypes
  • Less likely to cooperate with people who you perceive to be in the out-group
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6
Q

Attribution

A

Our explanation about the cause of someone’s behaviour

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7
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Describes our tendency to attribute cause to personal traits or factors
- If someone is acting aggressive, we are more likely to assume they are an aggressive person, rather than blaming it on the scenario

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8
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error

A

We attribute the cause of a behaviour of an entire group is determined by the actions (positive or negative) of one person who belongs to that group

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9
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to adjust or change your behaviour in response to a perceived group pressure
- Tends to accentuate the in group and out group stereotypes we make

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10
Q

Obedience

A

Changing your behaviour because you were specifically told to

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11
Q

Deindividuation

A

Being less of an individual, or less divided from the group

- When you’re a part of something larger, you can lose your sense of self and personal beliefs

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12
Q

Social Loafing

A

One person takes advantage of the work of their group mates and reap the same benefits

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13
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

A situation where you feel like you should do something, but keep it to yourself and do nothing

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14
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Multiple people that share the responsibility for an outcome all feel only a part of the pressure of the project

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15
Q

Enlightenment Effect

A

Once you have learned about a psychological effect, you become less vulnerable to it

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16
Q

Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Freudian Theory

Your experiences interact with your active, unconscious mind to produce behaviours

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17
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

Rejection of both psychoanalytic theory and behaviourist theory

Humanists believe that humans have free will, and that we are striving to be better; the world just get’s in the way
** Self-actualization

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18
Q

Behaviourist Perspective

A

A direct rejection of psychoanalytic theory

Behaviourists think of personality as a reflection of the actions a person does, and that the environment is a cause for behaviour

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19
Q

Cognitive Perspectives

A

Focuses on how people process, store, and retrieve information. Also, how the information is used to solve problems

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20
Q

Id

A

Id is very selfish/impulsive and focused on immediate gratification

Psychoanalytic Theory

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21
Q

Ego

A

Rational part of our personality; it mediates between the id and superego

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22
Q

Superego

A

The overarching sense of morality. An impossible standard of right and wrong
Strong superego can make a person feel guilty

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23
Q

Repression

A

Purposeful forgetting of emotional/unpleasant memories (robbery)

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24
Q

Denial

A

Purposeful forgetting of distressing experiences (child’s death)

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25
Q

Regression

A

Psychologically thinking you’re younger and safer

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26
Q

Reaction-Formation

A

Transforming an anxiety-producing experience into it’s oppose

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27
Q

Projection

A

Attributing our negative qualities onto others

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28
Q

Displacement

A

Directing an impulse that is socially unacceptable onto a more acceptable one
(throwing something at the wall instead of a person)

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29
Q

Rationalization

A

Trying to provide a reasonable explanation for bad behaviours or failures

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30
Q

Intellectualization

A

Focusing on abstract or factual thoughts to avoid emotions

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31
Q

Sublimation

A

Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired and socially valued goal
(kid who fights becomes boxer)

32
Q

Openness

A

Curiosity and the willingness to try new things
High: more adventurous and likely to pick up on new trends
Low: more rigid and conservative

33
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Responsible and careful
High: high accuracy
Low: missing deadlines and sloppy work

34
Q

Extraversion

A

Sociability and liveliness
High: more outgoing and tend to attend more social situations
Low: smaller social events and don’t like the centre of attention

35
Q

Agreeableness

A

Eagerness for friendliness and pleasing people
High: no conflict, follower, make’s others happy first
Low: more argumentative, assertive, aggressive

36
Q

Neuroticsm

A

Anxious and prone to negative emotions
High: more irritable, worried, larger negative reactions
Low: calm, less negative reactions

37
Q

Structured Personality Test

A

Relies on methods used for intelligence or aptitude tests

  • Has high criterion validity, test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability
  • MMPI and PEO-PI are good, Myers-Briggs is bad
38
Q

Projective Personality Tests

A

People reveal things about themselves

  • Inkblot test “what the fuck do you see”
  • Very poor validity and reliability
  • Highly subjective
39
Q

Rarity

A

When somethings is statistically rare

40
Q

Biological Dysfunction

A

When there is a biological abnormality

41
Q

Impairment

A

When symptoms impact a person’s relationships, employment, safety or health

42
Q

Subjective Distress

A

When somebody is suffering due to their symptoms or traits

43
Q

Mood Disorders

A 
Statistical rarity doesn't apply 
Genetics/biological dysfunction can apply
Impairment applies
Subjective distress depends (won't affect those who are experiencing manic episodes) 
1. Bipolar I
2. Bipolar II
3. Cyclthymia
4. Dysthymia
44
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Statistical rarity applies
Impairment applies
Subjective distress can apply
1. Borderline Personality Disorder
- Includes very volatile emotions and black/white/dichotomous thinking
- Great or terrible
- High levels of neuroticism, low conscientiousness and low agreeableness
2. Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Not afraid of much and calm in social situations
- No subjective distress
- Takes advantage of people
- Low conscientiousness and agreeableness, LOW levels of neuroticism

45
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Statistical rarity definitely applies
Biological function applies
Impairment applies
Subjective distress can apply

Positive symptoms

  • Hallucinations: affects perception, you sense things that aren’t there
  • Delusions: beliefs that are improbable or impossible. Non-bizarre: could potentially happen. Bizarre: no possible way it could be true

Negative Symtpoms
- Flat affect (absence of emotional reactions)

Biological Dysfunction

  • Shrinkage of frontal cortex
  • Hypofrontality
  • Enlarged ventricles
46
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

“Free floating anxiety that isn’t tied to a trigger or situation”

  • Always worried/on edge
47
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Panic attacks come from nowhere

  • Panic attacks are large and unhelpful fight or flight reactions
  • Only diagnoses if there’s repeated episodes and it affects your life negatively
48
Q

Phobias

A

Tied to specific triggers

- To be diagnosed, the phobia has to be out of proportion to the risk, cause subjective distress or impairment

49
Q

PTSD

A

Specific trigger that starts the disorder

  • First responders/ natural disaster victims at risk
  • Anxiety is one of symptoms
  • Problems with sleep, concentration and mood
  • Flashback of memories, disturbing thoughts, sympathetic response
50
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Now in a new category, but anxiety is one of symptoms
Obsession: intrusive thoughts or ideas that the person tries to suppress or get rid of
Compulsion: mental acts or actions that are used to reduce anxiety
- Not a disorder unless distressed or impaired in having a good life

51
Q

Depressive Episode

A

Loss of interest in things that were important, anorexia, fatigue, insomnia, agitation, guilt
- Subjective distress and impairment

52
Q

Manic Episode

A

Feeling elated, energetic, powerful, no sleep, impulsive, no consequences
- Impairment, not necessarily subjective distress

53
Q

Hypomanic

A

Milder version o f manic

  • No delusions or extreme behaviours
  • More productive than usual, more creative and excitable
54
Q

Bipolar I

A

Includes manic episodes, potentially milld depressive symptoms/episodes

Larger genetic role for bipolar disorder than major depressive disorder

55
Q

Bipolar II

A

Includes hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes

56
Q

Cyclothymia

A

Milder, chronic version of Bipolar disorder

57
Q

Dysthymia

A

Milder, chronic depression

58
Q

Psychologist

A

People who have PhD’s in psychology

59
Q

Psychiratrists

A

People who have medical degrees, and further specialized in psychiatric training

60
Q

Spontaneous Remission

A

A disorder that just goes away

61
Q

Comorbidity

A

Occurs when two disorders occur at the same time, and one affects the treatment / healing process of the other negatively

62
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Lots of repetitive and involuntary movements of the face, like continuously licking lips or head jerking
- Side effect of typical/conventional antipsychotic medications that block dopamine receptors

63
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Statistical method using pooled data that helps researches interpret large amounts of psychological literature

64
Q

Insight Therapies

A

Include both psychoanalysis and humanistic approaches
- Based of the idea that something in the person’s unconscious is causing the disorder, and the client understanding that cause will help them work towards a solution

65
Q

Cognition Therapies

A

The focus of thought processes that are associated with disorders
- Might challenge the way that someone talks about themselves or the way that someone thinks about feared stimuli

66
Q

Behavioural Therapies

A

Based on classical/operant conditioning

- Focus on the symptoms, not the cause

67
Q

Eclectice

A

“From a wide range of sources”

  • Eclectic therapies are blends of other therapeutic approaches that are very personalized to the situation or to the needs of a client
68
Q

Token Economy

A

Method used for schizophrenia or for younger children

  • Completely operant conditions and very useful for patients with low self-control or limited cognitive abilities
  • Tokens (marbles etc) are used in replace of currency. Good behaviour = more currency = more rewards.
69
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Used for treatment for anxiety disorders

  • Hierarchy of fear
  • Relaxation training
  • Working through the hierarchy 1 step at a time
70
Q

Exposure, Response-Prevention

A

Treatment for anxiety disorders

  • Client is prevented from doing the usual compulsive behaviours
  • Can be combined with relaxation training
71
Q

Cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

Treatment for mood disorders

  • Challenges the negative thoughts that are common in depression
  • Ellis’ rational emotive behavioural therapy
  • Beck’s cognitive therapy
72
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Used as depression treatment

- Serotonin is left in the synapse for longer, so the next neuron has more time to use it

73
Q

Anxiolytic

A

Depressant drugs

- Reduce firing throughout the brain by increasing GABA

74
Q

Typical Antipsychotic Medications

A

Block dopamine receptors

  • Reduces positive symtpoms of schizophrenia
  • side effects of tardive dyskinesia
75
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Affects dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine

  • Improves positive and negative symptoms
  • Lower risk of a number of the side effects caused by the conventional antipsychotics (tardive dyskindesia)
  • Increase risk for diabetes
76
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

Lithium carbonate

  • Used to treat bipolar disorder
  • Inhibits firing of the brain and norepinephrine
  • Also can use seizure medications

Psychology 105 (2 decks)

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